E. Stanton Maxey, M.D.
Wholistic Healing, EMF, Subtle Energies, EMF Hazards, Resonance, Mind Control,
Psychic Surgery, Aether, Psychic Phenomena, Biopsychophysics, Geomagnetics
E. Stanton Maxey
Dr. “Ed” Maxey is a semi-retired scientist and medical doctor. He earned his medical
degree at the Bowman Grey School of Medicine in Winston-salem, North Carolina in
1950 and completed his residency in surgery in 1955. He was Board certified in Surgery
with the American Board of Surgery and is a Fellow of the American College of
Surgeons. He consulted with the Fetzer Foundation in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He
discovered and implemented the mathematical algorithm of the polarization discharge curve seen at seiksu points.
His peer reviewed publication include::
"Tracking the Planets" - Microcomputing, March 1981; p 130
"What is Biometeorology?" - IMPACT Journal of the UNESCO
Vol 27, No. 1, February 15, 1977
"Biophysics - The Proper Study of Man" - in "Future Science" pp
214 - 228; by John White and Stanley Krippner, Eds.,
Anchor Books; Doubleday & Co., Garden City, N.Y., 1977
"An Electromagnetic Theory of Acupuncture" - Journal of the
American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine
Vol 23, No. 1, 1976
"Critical Aspects of Human versus Terrestrial
Electromagnetic Symbiosis" in "Biological Effects of
Electromagnetic Waves": Selected Papers of the USNC/URSI
Annual Meeting, Boulder, CO October 20-23, 1975
"Acupuncture: Consider the Ion - A Theoretical
Electromagnetic Explanation" - Human Dimensions Institute,
Buffalo, N.Y., Vol 2, No. 2, Fall 1973
"The Robotic Precision Tracking of Episodic Plant Growth"
Presented at the International Conference on Energy
Medicine, Madras, India, February 27, 1987 - in "Energy
Medicine Around the World", edited by T. M. Srinivasan, pp 259-
269, Gabriel Press, 1988
"A Lethal Subtle Energy" - Subtle Energies - Vol 2, No. 2,
pp 55 - 72, October 1992
7.8 Hertz. Dr. Ed Maxey, Stanton Maxey, Florida conducted an interesting very experiment. He took a little coil, a few turns of wire, put it on the floor underneath the operating table — what do you call those damn things that they have in the Electroencephalographic room? Where they check for epilepsy, etc? He found that by turning this thing on at certain frequencies a large percentage of the people tested had brain wave entrainment. Entrainment simply means that their brain wave — the firing of their neurons —- latches on to this magnetic field coming from this little coil putting out micro-gauss. You can’t even measure things this low unless you have highly sophisticated equipment. It is occult. It is invisible. It’s tasteless, odorless, etc. This is in a paper that he presented to a geophysical society meeting not too long ago. He too came up with the magic number that I have: 7.8 Hertz. He found that exactly four seconds after this field went on, the subject’s brain waves would lock on exactly, on frequency and phase. The frequency is the same as the earth pulse or Schmann Resonance that is the fundamental beat of the biosphere - the healthy pulse of the environment.
LETHAL SUBTLE ENERGY
A LETHAL SUBTLE ENERGY by E. Stanton Maxey, M.D.
ABSTRACT
Throughout history epidemiology has often provided effective ways of limiting the spread of infectious diseases before their causes became known. Epidemiological studies from many countries now indicate a link between the 50-60 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMFs) which accompany electric power delivery and cancers of the blood, brain and breast. Subtle EMFs of only 0.3 to 2 milligauss (mG) are implicated. Significant EMFs occur in 60 Hz systems due to multiple grounding. Electric codes have stipulations against "objectionable" ground currents. Means of measuring, correcting and avoiding subtle but lethal EMFs are presented.
KEYWORDS: Cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, central nervous system, astrocytoma, melatonin, electromagnetic fields, EMFs, milligauss, ground currents.
"The fuel of life is the electron, or, more exactly, the energy it takes over from photons in photosynthesis; this energy the electron gives up gradually while flowing through the cellular machinery."
------ Nobelist Albert Szent-Györgyi ------
(1968)
An exploration of lethal subtle energies may properly begin with the electron. The term's etymological root is found in the Greek word It means amber and is pronounced i-lek'tron. Ancient Greeks had noticed that amber, when subjected to friction, becomes electrically charged. Webster defines the electron as a subatomic particle with a negative electric charge of 1.602x10-19 coulomb and a mass of about 9.109x10-28 gram. Must we not agree that the electron is genuinely subtle in both mass and charge?
No ancient, not by the wildest flight of fancy, could have dreamed of electricity as we think of it today. Can you picture a Greek of two millennia past trying to comprehend monthly electric bills? Modern electricity's history spans scarcely two lifetimes. Barely a century ago scientists were still debating whether or not electricity was an animal substance. Electricity is now defined as:
"1. A fundamental property of matter, associated with atomic particles whose movements, free or controlled, lead to the development of fields of force and the generation of kinetic or potential energy. 2. A current or charge of energy so generated."
Let us consider electricity as that flow of electrons which, via high voltage transmission lines and lower voltage distribution lines, streams into our homes and businesses. The current isn't steady. It reverses direction 60 times each second. The flow is accordingly called alternating current or AC. It is also called 60 Hertz, or 60 Hz, as a tribute to the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. Much of the electrified world uses 50 Hz instead of 60 Hz systems. Electrons flow rather like water in a pipe but, being very subtle, they pass through metallic wires of copper and aluminum. The rate of flow is measured in amperes after the nineteenth century French physicist André Ampère. An ampere is defined as:
"The practical unit of current strength; such a current as would be given with an electromotive force of one volt through a wire having a resistance of one ohm."
Let us say that you have experimentally set up a 60 Hz one ampere current in a metallic clothes line strung between two poles in your back yard. Fields of force, both electric and magnetic, cylindrically encompass that line. Both diminish in proportion to increasing distance from the line. Electric fields are rather easily shielded by metal barriers and will not be dealt with further here. Extra low frequency magnetic fields, such as those from 50 & 60 Hz systems, penetrate even a cast iron bath tub with little attenuation. They freely intrude our homes and our bodies. They are biologically active at intensities of a milligauss (mG) or less. The electric clothes line will have a 1 mG field at a distance of 6.5 feet (78.744" to be exact). At thirteen feet the field will be 0.5 mG. This field to distance relationship is calculated from the Biot and Savart law in physics.
What is a milligauss? A Gauss is a unit of intensity of magnetic field. The term honors the nineteenth century German astronomer and mathematician Karl Gauss. The Earth has a natural magnetic field of about half a Gauss. A milligauss is a thousandth part of a Gauss in the same way that a millimeter is a thousandth part of a meter. Accordingly, the terrestrial magnetic field has a strength of about 500 mG. The Earth's magnetic field doesn't alternate like that from power lines. Rather, for all practical purposes, it is constant. There is, however, a very subtle modulation of the Earth's magnetic field called the Schumann resonance. Its intensity is only a small fraction of a milligauss. When recorded on a strip chart the Schumann resonance strikingly resembles a human electroencephalographic tracing.
"Research is to see what everybody else has seen and think what nobody else has thought."
------ Albert Szent-Györgyi ------
The spring of 1974 found Nancy Wertheimer, Ph.D., scrutinizing Denver's residential neighborhoods. She had obtained a list of 1950-1969 leukemia deaths for the four county area of Greater Denver and was looking for "some kind of pattern." She noticed that death addresses were often close to utility pole transformers. Her survey showed that the leukemia rate was high for the first and second dwellings next to a transformer but decreased for the third house and was low for other neighborhood houses. That autumn a physicist friend, Ed Leeper, suggested that magnetic fields might be the culprit since they, unlike electric fields, are highly penetrating. Leeper gave Wertheimer a crude gaussmeter as a gift that Christmas. Wertheimer's account of what happened next reads like a story book.
"When I got out of my car, I walked to the base of the transformer pole at the alley entrance and switched on Ed's meter. It gave off a loud hum that indicated the presence of a fairly strong magnetic field. I was prepared for that, of course, but when I started walking up the alley, away from the transformer pole, I found that, contrary to what Ed and I had expected, the hum did not begin to diminish until I got past the next pole, at the far corner of the second house lot, from which several wires known as service drops carried current into nearby dwellings. Those were the first service drops that reduced the current load fed into the secondary distribution line by the transformer. As I continued walking past the second pole, a strange thing happened: the hum indicating the presence of the magnetic field dropped off sharply. For a while, I couldn't understand the significance of this. Then it dawned on me that the point where the magnetic field fell off coincided with the pronounced decrease in the leukemia rate I had previously observed at the third house from a transformer."1
Nancy Wertheimer saw identical distribution patterns in both leukemia death dwellings and high electromagnetic fields. Nobel prizes have honored less momentous observations. Wertheimer and Leeper published their paper, "Electrical Wiring Configurations and Childhood Cancer," in 1979.2 The paper's import stems from its being the first epidemiological work to significantly link electromagnetic fields (EMFs) to human cancer. This seminal publication has spawned numerous confirmatory studies.
What then is the nature of epidemiology? Let us take a lesson from a bit of British history. John Snow plotted death sites during an 1854 English cholera epidemic and saw that most of the dying drew water from the same Broad Street pump. Disease from water was then an outlandish idea. Robert Koch was eleven years old when authorities shut the pump and the cholera abated. Some years passed before he identified the causative spirillum. Between 1798 and 1800 Edward Jenner published three papers showing that cowpox inoculation prevented smallpox. Cowpox inoculation had already been practiced for more than a century when the intracellular inclusion bodies of the variola virus were described by Giuseppe Guarnieri in 1910.
Unlike the celebrated British examples, contemporary authorities have done nothing to abate EMF related disease. Instead, they tenaciously hold that remedial action must await scientific consensus on the causative mechanism. By analogy, these authorities are waiting for a juvenile Koch to grow up and discover electricity's Vibrio comma, hoping to treat the bacillus rather than clean up the electric power distribution pump. They will agreeably wait a century for Guarnieri's EMF counterpart. Additional research and prudent avoidance are advocated by bureaucratic regulators at the urging of powerful industrial lobbies.
An abundance of additional research exists now. Numerous EMF epidemiological studies have appeared since 1979 and more are in progress. Here, arranged in order of decreasing magnetic field strength, are synopses of some of them:
A. New York telephone cable splicers received a mean daily EMF exposure of 4.3 mG (milligauss). They had 111% more colon cancer, 165% more leukemia, 100% more brain cancer and 145% more prostate cancer than controls.3,4 B. Children with cancer in Stockholm, Sweden, lived in dwellings with EMFs greater than 3 mG more often than controls. Females were 2.3 times and males 1.4 times more likely to live in such dwellings. Increases of 120% for leukemia, 120% for lymphoma and 420% for tumors of the nervous system were found.5
C. Los Angeles children with leukemia received 48% more exposure to EMFs above 2.65 mG than a control group.6
D. The EPA, in a meta-analysis of over 300 scientific papers, noted a link between three site-specific childhood cancers and EMFs above 2 mG. The report states that there is a connection between EMF exposure and leukemia, lymphoma and cancer of the central nervous system.7
E. Denver children with cancer lived or were born in dwellings with mean EMFs of 1.7 mG twice as often as controls.2
F. Swedish rail workers exposed to 16.66 Hz fields over 25 mG had no increase in cancer while telephone and telegraph repairmen had a 110% increase in leukemia with 50 Hz mean exposures of only 0.5 to 0.8 mG.8
G. No increased cancer risk is observed in proximity to British 50 Hertz distribution lines. The mean EMF exposure was calculated at 0.035 mG.9,10
H. An 115% increase in lung cancer death was noted in among British persons living within 14 meters of electrical installations.10
I. An increased number of large astrocytes appeared in the brains of rabbits reared in substations. Human astrocytoma (an infrequent brain cancer) occurs ten times more often in those occupationally exposed to magnetic fields than in controls.11,12
J. Male breast cancer (a very rare tumor), among 227 cases gleaned from the National Cancer Institute, occurred in electricians, telephone linemen and electric power workers six times more often than in a control group.13
K. The male breast cancer finding has significant implications for females. Lymphoma and cancer of the breast, uterus, and brain were 64% more frequent in residents with a mean EMF of 2.5 mG than among controls.14
"The exposure of living organisms to abnormal electromagnetic fields results in significant abnormalities in physiology and function."
------ Robert O. Becker ------ What is a safe level for EMF exposure? Physician Robert Becker is a hero. He was among the very first to recognize the biological impacts, both perils and benefits, of electrical energy. Among his many observations was the early discovery that long bone fractures healed better when subjected to weak currents. The FDA approved this use of pulsed EMFs in 1979, ironically the year of the Wertheimer Leeper report, and such therapy has now found clinical application throughout the planet. Dr. Becker recommends EMF limits of 1 mG as maximum for continuous exposure and 0.3 mG as the theoretical safe level.15 One manufacturer redesigned its electric blankets in 1989, reducing EMFs 95% to 0.3 mG. Random looping was rejected in favor of placing supply and return circuit elements in close and parallel paths so that their magnetic fields equalize.16 Human electroencephalographic brain wave entrainment to EMFs of 0.3 mG has been observed.17,18 Such considerations suggest that an EMF level of 0.3 mG or less is desirable.
The preponderance of epidemiological EMF research is directed toward links to cancer. Might there be other EMF related disease entities? EMF links to such entities as the electromagnetic-hypersensitivity syndrome, the chronic-fatigue syndrome, autism, the fragile-x syndrome, the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, suicide and accelerated AIDS in HIV positive persons have been proposed.15 Some forty years of medical and surgical practice lead me to believe that cancer will eventually be viewed as an EMF linked disease, but of less numerical and fiscal significance than the mass of other EMF linked maladies. As to health care costs, the chronic Alzheimer patient may live, often with fecal and urinary incontinence, a mindless life lasting decades. Cancer, which kills more quickly, is in some ways more merciful and is often less costly.
What about additional research? What hypotheses on the functional mechanisms of EMF related disease appear to warrant continued study? A lengthy consideration of causative mechanisms is beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, some mention of hypotheses is appropriate. Four such appear promising;
1) disruption of cell communication, 2) cell growth mutation via changes in calcium ion flux,
3) activation of oncogenic gene sequences and
4) disruption of hormonal and immune system controls.19
Illustrative of the first category is the report of a doubling of the abnormality rate in chick embryos subjected to repetitive 10 second EMF exposures during the first 48 hours of incubation.20 No difference was observed with 1 second exposures. The authors, employing the principle of biological cooperativity and a mechanism of coincidence detection, proffer an elegant hypothesis that cellular response to an EMF:
"requires simultaneous activation of several membrane sensors, thereby enabling cells to discriminate against spatially incoherent thermal noise while maintaining susceptibility to correlated external signals."
An example of the second category is found in the outstanding and extensive research on EMF modulated calcium ion efflux from the brain by Ross Adey.21 However, papers attributing cellular neoplastic mutation to calcium ion efflux have not come before me.
The story of melatonin and its hormonal role falls in the fourth category. Galen described the pineal some 2,200 years ago, believing it to be the "seat of the soul." Dictionaries circa 1940 define it as "...an appendage of the brain..., evidently a remnant of an important sense organ in ancestral forms." Melatonin was isolated from some 250,000 bovine pineals in 1958. Mark Lacy suggested melatonin's role in electron semiconduction by melanin in 1981.22 Electric blankets were shown to diminish the pineal's production of melatonin in humans by Bary Wilson in 1988.23 This may explain electric blanket related leukemia since melatonin is oncostatic. By 1991 melatonin was recognized as a nocturnally produced pineal hormone having a major impact on the reproductive system as well as other endocrine and nonendocrine organs.24 The pineal is no vestigial remnant. It may not be the "seat of the soul" but it does play a commanding hormonal role.
These categories fail to catch Szent-Györgyi's vision of electrons delivering cellular energy in multiple petite steps. The metaphor of the television picture tube may help. The image is painted by three fine beams of electrons whose impact on specks of phosphorescent chemical causes light emission. Magnetic fields at the back of the tube bend the electron beams to scan an array of three different phosphors. They in turn radiate red, green and blue light. If one holds a bar magnet close to the face of the picture tube the colors and image are blurred. The field from the magnet has warped the trajectories of the electron beams so that they no longer hit the proper target phosphors. The same thing happens in our bodies. Electrons flowing through the cellular machinery are warped from their intended paths by 60 Hz EMFs.
What can be done to effect "prudent avoidance?" Twelve years have passed since the Wertheimer/Leeper report, time enough for some 10,000 children nationwide to develop EMF related leukemia. Should we not emulate the example of the Broad Street pump and act upon present epidemiological evidence? What can we do?
EMF detectors are essential to prudent avoidance. This physician would prescribe them for every household. Milligauss meters cost $100 and up, kits for the hobbyist $85 and flashing light sensors $40. The EMFs of electrical appliances could be checked before purchase. Parents could use such instruments to locate and avoid hazardous zones; areas measuring over 1 mG near clocks, TV sets, computer monitors, microwaves ovens, electric blankets and other equipment. Older children could observe EMFs at school. College graduates might consult their physics texts on Biot and Savart's law. They could then compute the amperages in wiring and plumbing inside walls and floors from the EMFs located by these detectors. Some would remedy EMF hazards by having the bonding screw removed in their circuit breaker panels. Others would observe hazardous EMFs from underground water, telephone, TV and electric lines. Utilities will sometimes reconfigure power lines to ameliorate the EMFs documented by customers.
Why did the magnetic field ebb after Nancy Wertheimer passed the second utility pole? Why is there increased cancer along North American 60 Hz distribution lines but not along those in British 50 Hz distribution systems? The answer to both questions is apparent from the physics of EMF generation and the disparity in grounding of the two systems. Figure one shows how turning on a 1500 Watt microwave oven creates a far-reaching EMF between adjacent utility poles and inside two houses. The EMF dwindles with increasing distance from radiating wires, falling to less than 1 mG beyond 39 feet. The EMF also fades after the second pole just as Wertheimer observed. Figure two shows how simply removing the bonding screw from a circuit breaker panel remedies the menace.
These drawings show how the multiple grounding inherent in WYE distribution systems produces widespread EMFs. The physics is straightforward. When supply and return lines are proximate and carry equal currents the EMFs of supply currents nullify those of return currents. This occurs in ordinary household extension cords. Figure one illustrates the EMFs due to 50% of the return current flowing in the return line and 50% in ground paths via water, television and telephone lines. Removing the bonding screw, as seen in figure two, simply causes all the return current to flow along a path close to that of the supply current; the EMFs nullify. This ground current problem is linked to 125 volt appliances. Water heaters and stoves which run at 250 volts do not generate such ground currents as neither the supply nor the return line is bonded to ground. However, the 125 volt motor in an electric clothes dryer will act just as any other 125 volt appliance.
The British, with no 125 volt system, deliver 240 volt power mostly through buried cables having both a supply and a neutral line inside a steel sheath. The sheath is earthed extensively, but the neutral is earthed only at substations. A few volts potential is expected between neutral and earth at electrical outlets. The result? Since supply and return currents follow close and parallel paths their EMFs mutually cancel.
Municipalities throughout this nation franchise electric and communications utilities under either:
a. the National Electric Code of the National Fire Protection Association or b. the National Electrical Safety Code of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Both have stipulations against objectionable currents in grounding conductors (see appendix). The meaning of the term "objectionable" is not specified in these codes. Electric utility engineers see the term as applying only to equipment and as having nothing to do with the health menace from EMFs created by ground currents. Municipal bodies have generally been unaware of this stipulation in the electric codes. Their electric inspectors are rarely alert to the EMF health hazard and few of them have ever used a milligauss meter. This must soon change. Bonding screws were removed from a number of apartments in a local condominium complex over a year ago. The reduction in EMFs was dramatic. A city inspector examined the result. A field engineer from the Arkansas Public Service Commission did likewise. A City Director, who is also an electrical engineer, opined that removal of the bonding screws was a violation of the electric codes. Authorities of both the City of Fayetteville and of Washington County, Arkansas, have since been asked to rule on whether or not the "objectionable" current stipulation of the codes requires removal of bonding screws when the current they conduct produces EMFs over a few milligauss in dwellings. No response has, as yet, been forthcoming.
The question has vast implications. Electric codes already require the mending of a radiating ground current if the EMF menace to human health is sufficient reason to render that current "objectionable." Citizens need only demand that their governments enforce existing codes. Some readers may wish to explore the application of these sections of the electric codes in their own communities.
Ground currents occur in WYE systems in conjunction with high voltage transmission as well as 125 volt distribution. The high voltage supply current which feeds distribution transformers returns by two routes; neutral lines and ground paths. This is a natural consequence of multiple grounding. Water mains appear to contribute negligibly as many are non-metallic and lengths of metallic mains are often joined with non-conductive gaskets. Transmission return current flows from distribution transformers both through transmission neutrals and via distribution neutrals to the service drops at residences, hence through the sheaths of telephone and TV cables to distant dwellings, hence to transformers supplying those dwellings and hence back to substations. Significant EMFs are generated all along these circuits since the supply and return ground current paths do not approximate.
An actual example of EMFs from ground currents in a telephone cable is instructive. Arkansas highway 265 runs in a north/south direction next to the Paradise Valley golf course in Fayetteville. A power line runs along the easterly side of this highway. Significant EMFs were observed west of the highway, not from the power line but from beneath the surface. Water mains were suspected. However, during earthwork preparatory to some new construction, the offending telephone cable was unearthed. The EMFs showed that a 60 Hz current of 2 to 3 amperes was flowing in the metal sheath of this trunk line. The EMFs from such currents could readily account for the increased cancer observed in telephone lineman and cable splicers.3,4,25
An example of EMFs from ground currents in television cables also appeared with the new construction. CATV service was supplied to some 120 apartments via a cable buried in a trench traversing the golf course. The cable passes down a utility pole from an overhead feeder. Descending the same pole is the neutral of an electric utility loop. The loop energizes a series of distribution transformers which provide normal low voltage power to some forty dwellings. Measurements at the utility pole show the television cable to be carrying four times more return current than the electric utility's neutral. EMFs of 1 mG intrude bedrooms within 79 feet of the television cable when its 60 Hz current reaches 12 amperes.
An analogous situation was reported by Eugene Preston in 1988.26 A primary transformer feeder carried 5.8 amperes and the neutral only 2.4 amperes. The 3.4 ampere current imbalance was being carried by a telephone cable which acted as a parallel neutral. The report states the problem lucidly:
"The common practice of solidly connecting grounds from telephone lines, cable television lines, water lines, gas lines, etc. insures that multiple return paths will upset the balance of currents in URD feeders and result in large magnetic fields."
Such ground currents are prohibited under existing electric codes if their associated EMFs are "objectionable" because they are health hazards. Electric utilities contend that they are not. One electric utility provided a copy of REA BULLETIN 83-1, dated March 21, 1977, from the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Electrification Administration. It reads in part:
"Grounds are provided in distribution systems to relieve the system of abnormal voltages and currents, to stabilize the neutral at or near earth potential, and to providea lowimpedancereturn circuit for a maximum degree of safety to operating personnel and the public." (emphasis added) Why is a low impedance return important? Some of the answer derives from fiscal concerns. Electric utilities purchase electric power and distribute it over their own systems. Some 5% to 15% of the purchased power is lost through heat because of the resistance in electric lines. Lowering the resistance lowers this line loss. A low impedance return lowers the line loss by lowering the return resistance. The lowered line loss achieved by using ground return circuits makes delivery of electricity more efficient and thus more profitable. The case reported by Eugene Preston achieved a 29% reduction in line loss.
"We must guard against both of the prevalent forms of electrophobia: Type A, typified by an unreasonable fear of electromagnetic fields and Type B, characterized by an unreasonable fear of knowledge of the effects of electromagnetic fields."
------ C.J. Montrose ------
CONCLUSIONS:
1. Our planet's natural electromagnetic environment was instrumental in the evolution of all life on Earth. 2. Electric power has dramatically altered man's electromagnetic environment during the last century.
3. The EMFs of electric power delivery are epidemiologically linked to a high incidence of cancer afflicting principally the blood, brain and breast.
4. The EMFs coincident with 60 Hz power delivery arise mainly from the divergent paths of return currents caused by multiple grounding of neutrals.
5. "Objectionable" ground currents are prohibited under existing electric codes if the cancers associated with 60 Hz EMFs are objectionable.
6. Continuous exposure to EMFs above 1 mG is probably hazardous and below 0.3 mG is probably safe.
7. Milligauss meters are essential to the "prudent avoidance" of hazardous EMFs.
8. Prolonged exposure to EMFs of a few mG is probably less menacing than smoking two packages of cigarettes a day.
APPENDIX
CODES
Municipalities throughout the United States govern electrical installations through franchising. The franchising requires adherence to one or the other of two recognized electric codes. The pertinent sections of these codes with respect to "Objectionable Current" in grounding conductors follow.
National Electric Code of the National Fire Protection Association - 1990
250-21. Objectionable Current over Grounding Conductors.
(a) Arrangement to Prevent Objectionable Current. The grounding of electric systems, circuit conductors, surge arresters, and conducting noncurrent-carrying materials and equipment shall be installed and arranged in a manner that will prevent an objectionable flow of current over the grounding conductors or grounding paths. (b) Alterations to Stop Objectionable Current. If the use of multiple grounding connections results in an objectionable flow of current, one or more of the following alterations shall be made:
(1) Discontinue one or more such grounding connections. (2) Change the locations of the grounding connections.
(3) Interrupt the continuity of the conductor or conductive path interconnecting the grounding connections.
(4) Take other suitable remedial action satisfactory to the authority having jurisdiction.
(c) Temporary Currents Not Classified as Objectionable Currents. Temporary currents resulting from accidental conditions, such as ground-fault currents, that occur only while the grounding conductors are performing their intended protective functions shall not be classified as objectionable current for the purposes specified in (a) and (b) above. (d) Limitations to Permissible Alterations. The provisions of this section shall not be considered as permitting electronic equipment being operated on ac systems or branch circuits that are not grounded as required by this article. Currents that introduce noise or data errors in electronic equipment shall not be considered the objectionable currents addressed in this section.
National Electrical Safety Code (1990 Edition) Copyright 1990 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Rule 92 D. Current in Grounding Conductor
Ground connection points shall be so arranged that under normal circumstances there will be no objectionable flow of current over the grounding conductor. If an objectionable flow of current occurs over a grounding conductor due to the use of multiple grounds, one or more of the following should be used:
1. Abandon one or more grounds. 2. Change location of grounds.
3. Interrupt the continuity of the conductor between ground connections.
4. Subject to the approval of the administrative authority take other effective means to limit the currents. The system ground of the source transformer shall not be removed. The temporary currents set up under abnormal conditions while the grounding conductors are performing their intended protective functions are not considered objectionable. The conductor shall have the capability of conducting anticipated fault current without thermal overloading or excessive voltage buildup. Refer to Rule 93C.
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15. Becker, R.O.; Cross Currents. St. Martin Press pp. 271, Jan 1990
16. Roszyk, L.M.; Retired head of Sunbeam Northern Company's Research and Engineering Department, Personal communication.
17. Mickajlowskyj, W.M., Krasnohorskyj, M.M., Wojchshyn, K.S., Hrabor, L.I. & Yahor, W.M.; Toward the Understanding of Weak Magnetic Fields, Academy of Science USSR, Series B-s-929, 1969
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20. Montrose, C.J. & Litovitz, T. A.; Biological response to weak ELF electromagnetic fields, Physics and Society, Vol. 21, No.1 Jan. 1992
21. Adey, W.R., Cell Membranes: the Electromagnetic Environment and Cancer Promotion, Neurochem. Res. 13:671-677, 1988
22. Lacy, M.E., Neuromelanin: A Hypothetical Component of Bioelectronic Mechanisms in Brain Function, Physiol. Chem. & Physics Vol. 13, pp:319-324, 1981
23. Wilson, B.W., Morris, J.A., Stevens, R.G. & Anderson, L.E .; Effects of electric blanket use on human pineal gland function: a preliminary report. In: Proceedings of the DOE/EPRI Contractor's Review, Phoenix, Arizona, October 30-November 3, 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept.
24. Reiter, J.R.; Pineal Melatonin: Cell Biology of Its Synthesis and of Its Physiological Interactions, Endocrine Review Vol. 12, No.2, pp:151-180, 1991
25. Thomas, T.L., Stolley, P. D., Stemhagen, A., Fontham, E. T. H., Bleecker, M. L., et al.; Brain Tumor Mortality Risk Among Men With Electrical and Electronics Jobs: A Case-Control Study, JNCI Vol. 79, No. 6, pp:233-238, August 1987
26. Preston, E.G.; Magnetic Fields from Underground Residential Distribution Feeders, Presented at the Forty First Annual Power Distribution Conference, October 24-26, 1988, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
ABSTRACT
Throughout history epidemiology has often provided effective ways of limiting the spread of infectious diseases before their causes became known. Epidemiological studies from many countries now indicate a link between the 50-60 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMFs) which accompany electric power delivery and cancers of the blood, brain and breast. Subtle EMFs of only 0.3 to 2 milligauss (mG) are implicated. Significant EMFs occur in 60 Hz systems due to multiple grounding. Electric codes have stipulations against "objectionable" ground currents. Means of measuring, correcting and avoiding subtle but lethal EMFs are presented.
KEYWORDS: Cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, central nervous system, astrocytoma, melatonin, electromagnetic fields, EMFs, milligauss, ground currents.
"The fuel of life is the electron, or, more exactly, the energy it takes over from photons in photosynthesis; this energy the electron gives up gradually while flowing through the cellular machinery."
------ Nobelist Albert Szent-Györgyi ------
(1968)
An exploration of lethal subtle energies may properly begin with the electron. The term's etymological root is found in the Greek word It means amber and is pronounced i-lek'tron. Ancient Greeks had noticed that amber, when subjected to friction, becomes electrically charged. Webster defines the electron as a subatomic particle with a negative electric charge of 1.602x10-19 coulomb and a mass of about 9.109x10-28 gram. Must we not agree that the electron is genuinely subtle in both mass and charge?
No ancient, not by the wildest flight of fancy, could have dreamed of electricity as we think of it today. Can you picture a Greek of two millennia past trying to comprehend monthly electric bills? Modern electricity's history spans scarcely two lifetimes. Barely a century ago scientists were still debating whether or not electricity was an animal substance. Electricity is now defined as:
"1. A fundamental property of matter, associated with atomic particles whose movements, free or controlled, lead to the development of fields of force and the generation of kinetic or potential energy. 2. A current or charge of energy so generated."
Let us consider electricity as that flow of electrons which, via high voltage transmission lines and lower voltage distribution lines, streams into our homes and businesses. The current isn't steady. It reverses direction 60 times each second. The flow is accordingly called alternating current or AC. It is also called 60 Hertz, or 60 Hz, as a tribute to the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. Much of the electrified world uses 50 Hz instead of 60 Hz systems. Electrons flow rather like water in a pipe but, being very subtle, they pass through metallic wires of copper and aluminum. The rate of flow is measured in amperes after the nineteenth century French physicist André Ampère. An ampere is defined as:
"The practical unit of current strength; such a current as would be given with an electromotive force of one volt through a wire having a resistance of one ohm."
Let us say that you have experimentally set up a 60 Hz one ampere current in a metallic clothes line strung between two poles in your back yard. Fields of force, both electric and magnetic, cylindrically encompass that line. Both diminish in proportion to increasing distance from the line. Electric fields are rather easily shielded by metal barriers and will not be dealt with further here. Extra low frequency magnetic fields, such as those from 50 & 60 Hz systems, penetrate even a cast iron bath tub with little attenuation. They freely intrude our homes and our bodies. They are biologically active at intensities of a milligauss (mG) or less. The electric clothes line will have a 1 mG field at a distance of 6.5 feet (78.744" to be exact). At thirteen feet the field will be 0.5 mG. This field to distance relationship is calculated from the Biot and Savart law in physics.
What is a milligauss? A Gauss is a unit of intensity of magnetic field. The term honors the nineteenth century German astronomer and mathematician Karl Gauss. The Earth has a natural magnetic field of about half a Gauss. A milligauss is a thousandth part of a Gauss in the same way that a millimeter is a thousandth part of a meter. Accordingly, the terrestrial magnetic field has a strength of about 500 mG. The Earth's magnetic field doesn't alternate like that from power lines. Rather, for all practical purposes, it is constant. There is, however, a very subtle modulation of the Earth's magnetic field called the Schumann resonance. Its intensity is only a small fraction of a milligauss. When recorded on a strip chart the Schumann resonance strikingly resembles a human electroencephalographic tracing.
"Research is to see what everybody else has seen and think what nobody else has thought."
------ Albert Szent-Györgyi ------
The spring of 1974 found Nancy Wertheimer, Ph.D., scrutinizing Denver's residential neighborhoods. She had obtained a list of 1950-1969 leukemia deaths for the four county area of Greater Denver and was looking for "some kind of pattern." She noticed that death addresses were often close to utility pole transformers. Her survey showed that the leukemia rate was high for the first and second dwellings next to a transformer but decreased for the third house and was low for other neighborhood houses. That autumn a physicist friend, Ed Leeper, suggested that magnetic fields might be the culprit since they, unlike electric fields, are highly penetrating. Leeper gave Wertheimer a crude gaussmeter as a gift that Christmas. Wertheimer's account of what happened next reads like a story book.
"When I got out of my car, I walked to the base of the transformer pole at the alley entrance and switched on Ed's meter. It gave off a loud hum that indicated the presence of a fairly strong magnetic field. I was prepared for that, of course, but when I started walking up the alley, away from the transformer pole, I found that, contrary to what Ed and I had expected, the hum did not begin to diminish until I got past the next pole, at the far corner of the second house lot, from which several wires known as service drops carried current into nearby dwellings. Those were the first service drops that reduced the current load fed into the secondary distribution line by the transformer. As I continued walking past the second pole, a strange thing happened: the hum indicating the presence of the magnetic field dropped off sharply. For a while, I couldn't understand the significance of this. Then it dawned on me that the point where the magnetic field fell off coincided with the pronounced decrease in the leukemia rate I had previously observed at the third house from a transformer."1
Nancy Wertheimer saw identical distribution patterns in both leukemia death dwellings and high electromagnetic fields. Nobel prizes have honored less momentous observations. Wertheimer and Leeper published their paper, "Electrical Wiring Configurations and Childhood Cancer," in 1979.2 The paper's import stems from its being the first epidemiological work to significantly link electromagnetic fields (EMFs) to human cancer. This seminal publication has spawned numerous confirmatory studies.
What then is the nature of epidemiology? Let us take a lesson from a bit of British history. John Snow plotted death sites during an 1854 English cholera epidemic and saw that most of the dying drew water from the same Broad Street pump. Disease from water was then an outlandish idea. Robert Koch was eleven years old when authorities shut the pump and the cholera abated. Some years passed before he identified the causative spirillum. Between 1798 and 1800 Edward Jenner published three papers showing that cowpox inoculation prevented smallpox. Cowpox inoculation had already been practiced for more than a century when the intracellular inclusion bodies of the variola virus were described by Giuseppe Guarnieri in 1910.
Unlike the celebrated British examples, contemporary authorities have done nothing to abate EMF related disease. Instead, they tenaciously hold that remedial action must await scientific consensus on the causative mechanism. By analogy, these authorities are waiting for a juvenile Koch to grow up and discover electricity's Vibrio comma, hoping to treat the bacillus rather than clean up the electric power distribution pump. They will agreeably wait a century for Guarnieri's EMF counterpart. Additional research and prudent avoidance are advocated by bureaucratic regulators at the urging of powerful industrial lobbies.
An abundance of additional research exists now. Numerous EMF epidemiological studies have appeared since 1979 and more are in progress. Here, arranged in order of decreasing magnetic field strength, are synopses of some of them:
A. New York telephone cable splicers received a mean daily EMF exposure of 4.3 mG (milligauss). They had 111% more colon cancer, 165% more leukemia, 100% more brain cancer and 145% more prostate cancer than controls.3,4 B. Children with cancer in Stockholm, Sweden, lived in dwellings with EMFs greater than 3 mG more often than controls. Females were 2.3 times and males 1.4 times more likely to live in such dwellings. Increases of 120% for leukemia, 120% for lymphoma and 420% for tumors of the nervous system were found.5
C. Los Angeles children with leukemia received 48% more exposure to EMFs above 2.65 mG than a control group.6
D. The EPA, in a meta-analysis of over 300 scientific papers, noted a link between three site-specific childhood cancers and EMFs above 2 mG. The report states that there is a connection between EMF exposure and leukemia, lymphoma and cancer of the central nervous system.7
E. Denver children with cancer lived or were born in dwellings with mean EMFs of 1.7 mG twice as often as controls.2
F. Swedish rail workers exposed to 16.66 Hz fields over 25 mG had no increase in cancer while telephone and telegraph repairmen had a 110% increase in leukemia with 50 Hz mean exposures of only 0.5 to 0.8 mG.8
G. No increased cancer risk is observed in proximity to British 50 Hertz distribution lines. The mean EMF exposure was calculated at 0.035 mG.9,10
H. An 115% increase in lung cancer death was noted in among British persons living within 14 meters of electrical installations.10
I. An increased number of large astrocytes appeared in the brains of rabbits reared in substations. Human astrocytoma (an infrequent brain cancer) occurs ten times more often in those occupationally exposed to magnetic fields than in controls.11,12
J. Male breast cancer (a very rare tumor), among 227 cases gleaned from the National Cancer Institute, occurred in electricians, telephone linemen and electric power workers six times more often than in a control group.13
K. The male breast cancer finding has significant implications for females. Lymphoma and cancer of the breast, uterus, and brain were 64% more frequent in residents with a mean EMF of 2.5 mG than among controls.14
"The exposure of living organisms to abnormal electromagnetic fields results in significant abnormalities in physiology and function."
------ Robert O. Becker ------ What is a safe level for EMF exposure? Physician Robert Becker is a hero. He was among the very first to recognize the biological impacts, both perils and benefits, of electrical energy. Among his many observations was the early discovery that long bone fractures healed better when subjected to weak currents. The FDA approved this use of pulsed EMFs in 1979, ironically the year of the Wertheimer Leeper report, and such therapy has now found clinical application throughout the planet. Dr. Becker recommends EMF limits of 1 mG as maximum for continuous exposure and 0.3 mG as the theoretical safe level.15 One manufacturer redesigned its electric blankets in 1989, reducing EMFs 95% to 0.3 mG. Random looping was rejected in favor of placing supply and return circuit elements in close and parallel paths so that their magnetic fields equalize.16 Human electroencephalographic brain wave entrainment to EMFs of 0.3 mG has been observed.17,18 Such considerations suggest that an EMF level of 0.3 mG or less is desirable.
The preponderance of epidemiological EMF research is directed toward links to cancer. Might there be other EMF related disease entities? EMF links to such entities as the electromagnetic-hypersensitivity syndrome, the chronic-fatigue syndrome, autism, the fragile-x syndrome, the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, suicide and accelerated AIDS in HIV positive persons have been proposed.15 Some forty years of medical and surgical practice lead me to believe that cancer will eventually be viewed as an EMF linked disease, but of less numerical and fiscal significance than the mass of other EMF linked maladies. As to health care costs, the chronic Alzheimer patient may live, often with fecal and urinary incontinence, a mindless life lasting decades. Cancer, which kills more quickly, is in some ways more merciful and is often less costly.
What about additional research? What hypotheses on the functional mechanisms of EMF related disease appear to warrant continued study? A lengthy consideration of causative mechanisms is beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, some mention of hypotheses is appropriate. Four such appear promising;
1) disruption of cell communication, 2) cell growth mutation via changes in calcium ion flux,
3) activation of oncogenic gene sequences and
4) disruption of hormonal and immune system controls.19
Illustrative of the first category is the report of a doubling of the abnormality rate in chick embryos subjected to repetitive 10 second EMF exposures during the first 48 hours of incubation.20 No difference was observed with 1 second exposures. The authors, employing the principle of biological cooperativity and a mechanism of coincidence detection, proffer an elegant hypothesis that cellular response to an EMF:
"requires simultaneous activation of several membrane sensors, thereby enabling cells to discriminate against spatially incoherent thermal noise while maintaining susceptibility to correlated external signals."
An example of the second category is found in the outstanding and extensive research on EMF modulated calcium ion efflux from the brain by Ross Adey.21 However, papers attributing cellular neoplastic mutation to calcium ion efflux have not come before me.
The story of melatonin and its hormonal role falls in the fourth category. Galen described the pineal some 2,200 years ago, believing it to be the "seat of the soul." Dictionaries circa 1940 define it as "...an appendage of the brain..., evidently a remnant of an important sense organ in ancestral forms." Melatonin was isolated from some 250,000 bovine pineals in 1958. Mark Lacy suggested melatonin's role in electron semiconduction by melanin in 1981.22 Electric blankets were shown to diminish the pineal's production of melatonin in humans by Bary Wilson in 1988.23 This may explain electric blanket related leukemia since melatonin is oncostatic. By 1991 melatonin was recognized as a nocturnally produced pineal hormone having a major impact on the reproductive system as well as other endocrine and nonendocrine organs.24 The pineal is no vestigial remnant. It may not be the "seat of the soul" but it does play a commanding hormonal role.
These categories fail to catch Szent-Györgyi's vision of electrons delivering cellular energy in multiple petite steps. The metaphor of the television picture tube may help. The image is painted by three fine beams of electrons whose impact on specks of phosphorescent chemical causes light emission. Magnetic fields at the back of the tube bend the electron beams to scan an array of three different phosphors. They in turn radiate red, green and blue light. If one holds a bar magnet close to the face of the picture tube the colors and image are blurred. The field from the magnet has warped the trajectories of the electron beams so that they no longer hit the proper target phosphors. The same thing happens in our bodies. Electrons flowing through the cellular machinery are warped from their intended paths by 60 Hz EMFs.
What can be done to effect "prudent avoidance?" Twelve years have passed since the Wertheimer/Leeper report, time enough for some 10,000 children nationwide to develop EMF related leukemia. Should we not emulate the example of the Broad Street pump and act upon present epidemiological evidence? What can we do?
EMF detectors are essential to prudent avoidance. This physician would prescribe them for every household. Milligauss meters cost $100 and up, kits for the hobbyist $85 and flashing light sensors $40. The EMFs of electrical appliances could be checked before purchase. Parents could use such instruments to locate and avoid hazardous zones; areas measuring over 1 mG near clocks, TV sets, computer monitors, microwaves ovens, electric blankets and other equipment. Older children could observe EMFs at school. College graduates might consult their physics texts on Biot and Savart's law. They could then compute the amperages in wiring and plumbing inside walls and floors from the EMFs located by these detectors. Some would remedy EMF hazards by having the bonding screw removed in their circuit breaker panels. Others would observe hazardous EMFs from underground water, telephone, TV and electric lines. Utilities will sometimes reconfigure power lines to ameliorate the EMFs documented by customers.
Why did the magnetic field ebb after Nancy Wertheimer passed the second utility pole? Why is there increased cancer along North American 60 Hz distribution lines but not along those in British 50 Hz distribution systems? The answer to both questions is apparent from the physics of EMF generation and the disparity in grounding of the two systems. Figure one shows how turning on a 1500 Watt microwave oven creates a far-reaching EMF between adjacent utility poles and inside two houses. The EMF dwindles with increasing distance from radiating wires, falling to less than 1 mG beyond 39 feet. The EMF also fades after the second pole just as Wertheimer observed. Figure two shows how simply removing the bonding screw from a circuit breaker panel remedies the menace.
These drawings show how the multiple grounding inherent in WYE distribution systems produces widespread EMFs. The physics is straightforward. When supply and return lines are proximate and carry equal currents the EMFs of supply currents nullify those of return currents. This occurs in ordinary household extension cords. Figure one illustrates the EMFs due to 50% of the return current flowing in the return line and 50% in ground paths via water, television and telephone lines. Removing the bonding screw, as seen in figure two, simply causes all the return current to flow along a path close to that of the supply current; the EMFs nullify. This ground current problem is linked to 125 volt appliances. Water heaters and stoves which run at 250 volts do not generate such ground currents as neither the supply nor the return line is bonded to ground. However, the 125 volt motor in an electric clothes dryer will act just as any other 125 volt appliance.
The British, with no 125 volt system, deliver 240 volt power mostly through buried cables having both a supply and a neutral line inside a steel sheath. The sheath is earthed extensively, but the neutral is earthed only at substations. A few volts potential is expected between neutral and earth at electrical outlets. The result? Since supply and return currents follow close and parallel paths their EMFs mutually cancel.
Municipalities throughout this nation franchise electric and communications utilities under either:
a. the National Electric Code of the National Fire Protection Association or b. the National Electrical Safety Code of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Both have stipulations against objectionable currents in grounding conductors (see appendix). The meaning of the term "objectionable" is not specified in these codes. Electric utility engineers see the term as applying only to equipment and as having nothing to do with the health menace from EMFs created by ground currents. Municipal bodies have generally been unaware of this stipulation in the electric codes. Their electric inspectors are rarely alert to the EMF health hazard and few of them have ever used a milligauss meter. This must soon change. Bonding screws were removed from a number of apartments in a local condominium complex over a year ago. The reduction in EMFs was dramatic. A city inspector examined the result. A field engineer from the Arkansas Public Service Commission did likewise. A City Director, who is also an electrical engineer, opined that removal of the bonding screws was a violation of the electric codes. Authorities of both the City of Fayetteville and of Washington County, Arkansas, have since been asked to rule on whether or not the "objectionable" current stipulation of the codes requires removal of bonding screws when the current they conduct produces EMFs over a few milligauss in dwellings. No response has, as yet, been forthcoming.
The question has vast implications. Electric codes already require the mending of a radiating ground current if the EMF menace to human health is sufficient reason to render that current "objectionable." Citizens need only demand that their governments enforce existing codes. Some readers may wish to explore the application of these sections of the electric codes in their own communities.
Ground currents occur in WYE systems in conjunction with high voltage transmission as well as 125 volt distribution. The high voltage supply current which feeds distribution transformers returns by two routes; neutral lines and ground paths. This is a natural consequence of multiple grounding. Water mains appear to contribute negligibly as many are non-metallic and lengths of metallic mains are often joined with non-conductive gaskets. Transmission return current flows from distribution transformers both through transmission neutrals and via distribution neutrals to the service drops at residences, hence through the sheaths of telephone and TV cables to distant dwellings, hence to transformers supplying those dwellings and hence back to substations. Significant EMFs are generated all along these circuits since the supply and return ground current paths do not approximate.
An actual example of EMFs from ground currents in a telephone cable is instructive. Arkansas highway 265 runs in a north/south direction next to the Paradise Valley golf course in Fayetteville. A power line runs along the easterly side of this highway. Significant EMFs were observed west of the highway, not from the power line but from beneath the surface. Water mains were suspected. However, during earthwork preparatory to some new construction, the offending telephone cable was unearthed. The EMFs showed that a 60 Hz current of 2 to 3 amperes was flowing in the metal sheath of this trunk line. The EMFs from such currents could readily account for the increased cancer observed in telephone lineman and cable splicers.3,4,25
An example of EMFs from ground currents in television cables also appeared with the new construction. CATV service was supplied to some 120 apartments via a cable buried in a trench traversing the golf course. The cable passes down a utility pole from an overhead feeder. Descending the same pole is the neutral of an electric utility loop. The loop energizes a series of distribution transformers which provide normal low voltage power to some forty dwellings. Measurements at the utility pole show the television cable to be carrying four times more return current than the electric utility's neutral. EMFs of 1 mG intrude bedrooms within 79 feet of the television cable when its 60 Hz current reaches 12 amperes.
An analogous situation was reported by Eugene Preston in 1988.26 A primary transformer feeder carried 5.8 amperes and the neutral only 2.4 amperes. The 3.4 ampere current imbalance was being carried by a telephone cable which acted as a parallel neutral. The report states the problem lucidly:
"The common practice of solidly connecting grounds from telephone lines, cable television lines, water lines, gas lines, etc. insures that multiple return paths will upset the balance of currents in URD feeders and result in large magnetic fields."
Such ground currents are prohibited under existing electric codes if their associated EMFs are "objectionable" because they are health hazards. Electric utilities contend that they are not. One electric utility provided a copy of REA BULLETIN 83-1, dated March 21, 1977, from the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Electrification Administration. It reads in part:
"Grounds are provided in distribution systems to relieve the system of abnormal voltages and currents, to stabilize the neutral at or near earth potential, and to providea lowimpedancereturn circuit for a maximum degree of safety to operating personnel and the public." (emphasis added) Why is a low impedance return important? Some of the answer derives from fiscal concerns. Electric utilities purchase electric power and distribute it over their own systems. Some 5% to 15% of the purchased power is lost through heat because of the resistance in electric lines. Lowering the resistance lowers this line loss. A low impedance return lowers the line loss by lowering the return resistance. The lowered line loss achieved by using ground return circuits makes delivery of electricity more efficient and thus more profitable. The case reported by Eugene Preston achieved a 29% reduction in line loss.
"We must guard against both of the prevalent forms of electrophobia: Type A, typified by an unreasonable fear of electromagnetic fields and Type B, characterized by an unreasonable fear of knowledge of the effects of electromagnetic fields."
------ C.J. Montrose ------
CONCLUSIONS:
1. Our planet's natural electromagnetic environment was instrumental in the evolution of all life on Earth. 2. Electric power has dramatically altered man's electromagnetic environment during the last century.
3. The EMFs of electric power delivery are epidemiologically linked to a high incidence of cancer afflicting principally the blood, brain and breast.
4. The EMFs coincident with 60 Hz power delivery arise mainly from the divergent paths of return currents caused by multiple grounding of neutrals.
5. "Objectionable" ground currents are prohibited under existing electric codes if the cancers associated with 60 Hz EMFs are objectionable.
6. Continuous exposure to EMFs above 1 mG is probably hazardous and below 0.3 mG is probably safe.
7. Milligauss meters are essential to the "prudent avoidance" of hazardous EMFs.
8. Prolonged exposure to EMFs of a few mG is probably less menacing than smoking two packages of cigarettes a day.
APPENDIX
CODES
Municipalities throughout the United States govern electrical installations through franchising. The franchising requires adherence to one or the other of two recognized electric codes. The pertinent sections of these codes with respect to "Objectionable Current" in grounding conductors follow.
National Electric Code of the National Fire Protection Association - 1990
250-21. Objectionable Current over Grounding Conductors.
(a) Arrangement to Prevent Objectionable Current. The grounding of electric systems, circuit conductors, surge arresters, and conducting noncurrent-carrying materials and equipment shall be installed and arranged in a manner that will prevent an objectionable flow of current over the grounding conductors or grounding paths. (b) Alterations to Stop Objectionable Current. If the use of multiple grounding connections results in an objectionable flow of current, one or more of the following alterations shall be made:
(1) Discontinue one or more such grounding connections. (2) Change the locations of the grounding connections.
(3) Interrupt the continuity of the conductor or conductive path interconnecting the grounding connections.
(4) Take other suitable remedial action satisfactory to the authority having jurisdiction.
(c) Temporary Currents Not Classified as Objectionable Currents. Temporary currents resulting from accidental conditions, such as ground-fault currents, that occur only while the grounding conductors are performing their intended protective functions shall not be classified as objectionable current for the purposes specified in (a) and (b) above. (d) Limitations to Permissible Alterations. The provisions of this section shall not be considered as permitting electronic equipment being operated on ac systems or branch circuits that are not grounded as required by this article. Currents that introduce noise or data errors in electronic equipment shall not be considered the objectionable currents addressed in this section.
National Electrical Safety Code (1990 Edition) Copyright 1990 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Rule 92 D. Current in Grounding Conductor
Ground connection points shall be so arranged that under normal circumstances there will be no objectionable flow of current over the grounding conductor. If an objectionable flow of current occurs over a grounding conductor due to the use of multiple grounds, one or more of the following should be used:
1. Abandon one or more grounds. 2. Change location of grounds.
3. Interrupt the continuity of the conductor between ground connections.
4. Subject to the approval of the administrative authority take other effective means to limit the currents. The system ground of the source transformer shall not be removed. The temporary currents set up under abnormal conditions while the grounding conductors are performing their intended protective functions are not considered objectionable. The conductor shall have the capability of conducting anticipated fault current without thermal overloading or excessive voltage buildup. Refer to Rule 93C.
* * * REFERENCES 1. Brodeur, P.; Annals of Radiation, The New Yorker, Jun 12, 1989, pp 56 2. Wertheimer, N. & Leeper, E.; Electrical Wiring Configurations and Childhood Cancer. Am. J. of Epidemiology Vol 109, No. 3, pp. 273-284, 1979
3. Matanoski, G.M.; Cancer incidence in New York telephone workers, Poster at contractors review meeting. Portland, OR, Nov 15, 1989
4. Matanoski, G.M.; Electromagnetic field exposure and male breast cancer. Lancet Vol 337: pp 737, Mar 23, 1991
5. Tomenius, L.; 50-Hz Electromagnetic Environment and the Incidence of Childhood Tumors in StockHolm County. Bioelectromagnetics Vol 7, pp. 191-207, 1986
6. London, S.J., Thomas, D.C., Bowman, J.D., Sobel, E., Cheng, T.C. & Peters, J.M.; Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields and Risk of Childhood Leukemia. Am. J. of Epidemiology Vol 134, No.9, pp. 932 Nov 1, 1991
7. EPA, Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Electromagnetic Fields; Review Draft, pp 3-148 & 3-149, Dec 13, 1990
8. Törnqvist, S., Knave, B., Ahlbom, A. & Persson, T.; Incidence of leukaemia and brain tumours in some "electrical occupations." Brit. J. of Industrial Med. Vol 48, pp. 597-603, 1991
9. McDowall, M.E.; Mortality of persons resident in the vicinity of electricity transmission facilities. Br. J. Cancer Vol 53, pp. 271-279, 1986
10. Myers, A., Clayden, A.D., Cartwright, R.A. & Cartwright, S.C.; Childhood cancer and overhead
powerlines: a case-control study. Br. J. Cancer Vol 62(6), pp. 1008-1014, Dec. 1990
11. Hansson, H.A., Rozell, B. & Stemme, S.; Effects of Experimental Exposure to Power-frequency Electromagnetic Fields on the Nervous System. In: Anderson, L. E., et al., Interaction of biological systems with static and ELF electric and magnetic fields; proceedings of the 23rd Hanford Life Sciences Symposium; October 2-4, 1984. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, pp.297-305
12. Mack, W., Preston-Martin, S. & Peters, J.; Astrocytoma Risk Related to Job
Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields. Bioelectromagnetics 12:57-66, 1991
13. Demers, P.A., Thomas, D.B., Rosenblatt, K.A., Jimenez, L.M., McTiernan, A., et al.; Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields and Breast Cancer in Men. Am. J. of Epidemiology Vol 134, No. 4, PP. 340-347, 1991
14. Wertheimer, N. & Leeper, E.; Adult Cancer Related to Electrical Wires Near the Home. Int. J. Epidemiology, Vol 11, No. 4, pp. 345-355, 1982
15. Becker, R.O.; Cross Currents. St. Martin Press pp. 271, Jan 1990
16. Roszyk, L.M.; Retired head of Sunbeam Northern Company's Research and Engineering Department, Personal communication.
17. Mickajlowskyj, W.M., Krasnohorskyj, M.M., Wojchshyn, K.S., Hrabor, L.I. & Yahor, W.M.; Toward the Understanding of Weak Magnetic Fields, Academy of Science USSR, Series B-s-929, 1969
18. Maxey, E.S.; Critical Aspects of Human Versus Terrestrial Electromagnetic Symbiosis, in Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, Selected Papers of the USNC/URSI Annual Meeting, Boulder, CO, October 20-23, 1975 1: 331-40
19. Goldberg, R.B. & Creasey, W.A.; A review of cancer induction by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, Is there a plausible mechanism?, Med. Hypotheses 35(3): 265-74, July 1991
20. Montrose, C.J. & Litovitz, T. A.; Biological response to weak ELF electromagnetic fields, Physics and Society, Vol. 21, No.1 Jan. 1992
21. Adey, W.R., Cell Membranes: the Electromagnetic Environment and Cancer Promotion, Neurochem. Res. 13:671-677, 1988
22. Lacy, M.E., Neuromelanin: A Hypothetical Component of Bioelectronic Mechanisms in Brain Function, Physiol. Chem. & Physics Vol. 13, pp:319-324, 1981
23. Wilson, B.W., Morris, J.A., Stevens, R.G. & Anderson, L.E .; Effects of electric blanket use on human pineal gland function: a preliminary report. In: Proceedings of the DOE/EPRI Contractor's Review, Phoenix, Arizona, October 30-November 3, 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept.
24. Reiter, J.R.; Pineal Melatonin: Cell Biology of Its Synthesis and of Its Physiological Interactions, Endocrine Review Vol. 12, No.2, pp:151-180, 1991
25. Thomas, T.L., Stolley, P. D., Stemhagen, A., Fontham, E. T. H., Bleecker, M. L., et al.; Brain Tumor Mortality Risk Among Men With Electrical and Electronics Jobs: A Case-Control Study, JNCI Vol. 79, No. 6, pp:233-238, August 1987
26. Preston, E.G.; Magnetic Fields from Underground Residential Distribution Feeders, Presented at the Forty First Annual Power Distribution Conference, October 24-26, 1988, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
Toward a Psycho-Civilized Society The background to the development of anti-personnel electromagnetic weapons can be traced by to the early-middle 1940's and possibly earlier. The earliest extant reference, to my knowledge, was contained in the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific Survey, Military Analysis Division, Volume 63) which reviewed Japanese research and development efforts on a "Death Ray."
Whilst not reaching the stage of practical application, research was considered sufficiently promising to warrant the expenditure of Yen 2 million during the years 1940-1945. Summarizing the Japanese efforts, allied scientists concluded that a ray apparatus might be developed that could kill unshielded human beings at a distance of 5 to 10 miles. Studies demonstrated that, for example, automobile engines could be stopped by tuned waves as early as 1943. (1) It is therefore reasonable to suppose that this technique has been available for a great many years. Research on living organisms (mice and ground hogs) revealed that waves from 2 meters to 60 centimeters in length caused hemorrhage of lungs, whereas waves shorter than two meters destroyed brain cells.
However, experiments in behavior modification and mind manipulation have a much more grisly past. Nazi doctors at the Dachau concentration camp conducted involuntary experiments with hypnosis and narco-hypnosis, using the drug mescaline on inmates. Additional research was conducted at Aushwitz, using a range of chemicals including various barbiturates and morphine derivatives. Many of these experiments proved fatal.
Following the conclusion of the war, the U.S. Naval Technical Mission was tasked with obtaining pertinent industrial and scientific material that had been produced by the Third Reich and which may be of benefit to U.S. interests. Following a lengthy report, the Navy instigated Project CHATTER in 1947. Many of the Nazi scientists and medical doctors who conducted hideous experiments were later recruited by the U.S. Army and worked out of Heidelberg prior to being secretly relocated to the United States under the Project PAPERCLIP program. Under the leadership of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, 34 ex-Nazi scientists accepted "Paperclip" contracts, authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and were put to work at Randolph Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. By 1953 the CIA, U.S. Navy and the U.S. Army Chemical Corps were conducting their own narco-hypnosis programs on unwilling victims that included prisoners, mental patients, foreigners, ethic minorities and those classified as sexual deviants. (2)
It was not until the middle or late 1970's that the American public became aware of a series of hitherto secret programs that had been conducted over the preceding two decades by the military and intelligence community. (3) Primarily focusing on narco-hypnosis, these extensive covert programs bore the project titles MKULTRA, MKDELTA, MKNAOMI, MKSEARCH (MK being understood to stand for Mind Kontrol), BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE and CHATTER. The principal aim of these and associated programs was the development of a reliable "programmable" assassin. Secondary aims were the development of a method of citizen control. (4)
Particularly relevant was Dr. Jose Delgado's secret work directed towards the creation of a "psycho-civilized" society by use of a "stimoceiver." (5) Delgado's work was seminal, and his experiments on humans and animals demonstrated that electronic stimulation can excite extreme emotions including rage, lust and fatigue. In his paper "Intracerebral Radio Stimulation and recording in Completely Free Patients," Delgado observed that: "Radio Stimulation on different points in the amygdala and hippocampus in the four patients produced a variety of effects, including pleasant sensations, elation, deep thoughtful concentration, odd feelings, super relaxation (an essential precursor for deep hypnosis), colored visions, and other responses."
With regard to the "colored visions" citation, it is reasonable to conclude he was referring to hallucinations -- an effect that a number of so-called "victims" allude to. (7) As far back as 1969, Delgado predicted the day would soon arrive when a computer would be able to establish two-way radio communication with the brain -- an event that first occurred in 1974. Lawrence Pinneo, a neurophysiologist and electronic engineer working for Stanford Research Institute (a leading military contractor), "developed a computer system capable of reading a person's mind. It correlated brain waves on an electroencephalograph with specific commands. Twenty years ago the computer responded with a dot on a TV screen. Nowadays it could be the input to a stimulator (ESB) in advanced stages using radio frequencies." (8)
In any event, narco-hypnosis was found, it is claimed, to be less than reliable, although some writers and observers dispute this. (9) Additional studies, conducted by Dr. Ewen Cameron and funded by the CIA, were directed towards erasing memory and imposing new personalities on unwilling patients. Cameron discovered that electroshock treatment caused amnesia. He set about a program that he called "de-patterning" which had the effect of erasing the memory of selected patients. Further work revealed that subjects could be transformed into a virtual blank machine (Tabula Rasa) and then be re-programmed with a technique which he termed "psychic driving." Such was the bitter public outrage, once his work was revealed (as a result of FOIA searches), that Cameron was forced to retire in disgrace.
Also of interest is Dr. John C. Lilly (10), who was asked by the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health to brief the CIA, FBI, NSA and military intelligence services on his work using electrodes to stimulate, directly, the pleasure and pain centers of the brain. Lilly said that he refused the request. However, as stated in his book, he continued to do "useful" work for the national security apparatus. In terms of timing this is interesting, for these events took place in 1953. Scientist Eldon Byrd, who worked for the Naval Surface Weapons Office, was commissioned in 1981 to develop electromagnetic devices for purposes including riot control, clandestine operations and hostage removal. (11)
From 1965 through to 1970, Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA), with up to 70-80% funding provided by the military, set in motion operation PANDORA to study the health and psychological effects of low intensity microwaves with regard to the so-called "Moscow signal." This project appears to have been quite extensive and included (under U.S. Navy funding) studies demonstrating how to induce heart seizures, create leaks in the blood/brain barrier and production of auditory hallucinations. Despite attempts to render the Pandora program invisible to scrutiny, FOIA filings revealed memoranda of Richard Cesaro, Director of DARPA, which confirmed that the program's initial goal was to "discover whether a carefully controlled microwave signal could control the mind." Cesaro urged that these studies be made "for potential weapons applications." (12)
Following immense public outcry, Congress forbade further research and demanded that these projects be terminated across the board. But as former CIA agent Victor Marchetti later revealed, the programs merely became more covert with a high element of "deniability" built in to them, and that CIA claims to the contrary are a cover story. (13) Despite the fact that many of the aforementioned projects revolved around the use of narcotics and hallucinogens, projects ARTICHOKE, PANDORA and CHATTER clearly demonstrate that "psychoelectronics" were a high priority. Indeed, author John Marks' anonymous informant (known humorously as "Deep Trance") stated that beginning in 1963 mind control research strongly emphasized electronics.
An obscure District of Columbia corporation called Mankind Research Unlimited (MRU) and its wholly owned subsidiary, Systems Consultants Inc. (SCI), operated a number of classified intelligence, government and Pentagon contracts, specializing in, amongst other things: "problem solving in the areas of intelligence electronic warfare, sensor technology and applications." (14)
MRU's "capability and experience" is divided into four fields. These include "biophysics -- Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields," "Research in Magneto-fluid Dynamics," "Planetary Electro-Hydro-Dynamics" and "Geopathic Efforts on Living Organisms." The latter focuses on the induction of illness by altering the magnetic nature of the geography. Also under research were "Biocybernetics, Psychodynamic Experiments in Telepathy," "Errors in Human Perception," "Biologically Generated Fields," "Metapsychiatry and the Ultraconscious Mind" (believed to refer to experiments in telepathic mind control), "Behavioural Neuropsychiatry," "Analysis and Measurement of Human Subjective States" and "Human Unconscious Behavioural Patterns."
Employing some old OSS, CIA and military intelligence officers, the company also engages the services of prominent physicians and psychologists including E. Stanton Maxey, Stanley R. Dean Berthold Eric Schwarz plus many more. MRU lists in its Company Capabilities "brain and mind control." (15) Despite vehement claims by MRU's chairman that it is not a "front organization for any branch of the United States Government..." (16) one must treat these claims with a great deal of skepticism.
Whilst not reaching the stage of practical application, research was considered sufficiently promising to warrant the expenditure of Yen 2 million during the years 1940-1945. Summarizing the Japanese efforts, allied scientists concluded that a ray apparatus might be developed that could kill unshielded human beings at a distance of 5 to 10 miles. Studies demonstrated that, for example, automobile engines could be stopped by tuned waves as early as 1943. (1) It is therefore reasonable to suppose that this technique has been available for a great many years. Research on living organisms (mice and ground hogs) revealed that waves from 2 meters to 60 centimeters in length caused hemorrhage of lungs, whereas waves shorter than two meters destroyed brain cells.
However, experiments in behavior modification and mind manipulation have a much more grisly past. Nazi doctors at the Dachau concentration camp conducted involuntary experiments with hypnosis and narco-hypnosis, using the drug mescaline on inmates. Additional research was conducted at Aushwitz, using a range of chemicals including various barbiturates and morphine derivatives. Many of these experiments proved fatal.
Following the conclusion of the war, the U.S. Naval Technical Mission was tasked with obtaining pertinent industrial and scientific material that had been produced by the Third Reich and which may be of benefit to U.S. interests. Following a lengthy report, the Navy instigated Project CHATTER in 1947. Many of the Nazi scientists and medical doctors who conducted hideous experiments were later recruited by the U.S. Army and worked out of Heidelberg prior to being secretly relocated to the United States under the Project PAPERCLIP program. Under the leadership of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, 34 ex-Nazi scientists accepted "Paperclip" contracts, authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and were put to work at Randolph Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. By 1953 the CIA, U.S. Navy and the U.S. Army Chemical Corps were conducting their own narco-hypnosis programs on unwilling victims that included prisoners, mental patients, foreigners, ethic minorities and those classified as sexual deviants. (2)
It was not until the middle or late 1970's that the American public became aware of a series of hitherto secret programs that had been conducted over the preceding two decades by the military and intelligence community. (3) Primarily focusing on narco-hypnosis, these extensive covert programs bore the project titles MKULTRA, MKDELTA, MKNAOMI, MKSEARCH (MK being understood to stand for Mind Kontrol), BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE and CHATTER. The principal aim of these and associated programs was the development of a reliable "programmable" assassin. Secondary aims were the development of a method of citizen control. (4)
Particularly relevant was Dr. Jose Delgado's secret work directed towards the creation of a "psycho-civilized" society by use of a "stimoceiver." (5) Delgado's work was seminal, and his experiments on humans and animals demonstrated that electronic stimulation can excite extreme emotions including rage, lust and fatigue. In his paper "Intracerebral Radio Stimulation and recording in Completely Free Patients," Delgado observed that: "Radio Stimulation on different points in the amygdala and hippocampus in the four patients produced a variety of effects, including pleasant sensations, elation, deep thoughtful concentration, odd feelings, super relaxation (an essential precursor for deep hypnosis), colored visions, and other responses."
With regard to the "colored visions" citation, it is reasonable to conclude he was referring to hallucinations -- an effect that a number of so-called "victims" allude to. (7) As far back as 1969, Delgado predicted the day would soon arrive when a computer would be able to establish two-way radio communication with the brain -- an event that first occurred in 1974. Lawrence Pinneo, a neurophysiologist and electronic engineer working for Stanford Research Institute (a leading military contractor), "developed a computer system capable of reading a person's mind. It correlated brain waves on an electroencephalograph with specific commands. Twenty years ago the computer responded with a dot on a TV screen. Nowadays it could be the input to a stimulator (ESB) in advanced stages using radio frequencies." (8)
In any event, narco-hypnosis was found, it is claimed, to be less than reliable, although some writers and observers dispute this. (9) Additional studies, conducted by Dr. Ewen Cameron and funded by the CIA, were directed towards erasing memory and imposing new personalities on unwilling patients. Cameron discovered that electroshock treatment caused amnesia. He set about a program that he called "de-patterning" which had the effect of erasing the memory of selected patients. Further work revealed that subjects could be transformed into a virtual blank machine (Tabula Rasa) and then be re-programmed with a technique which he termed "psychic driving." Such was the bitter public outrage, once his work was revealed (as a result of FOIA searches), that Cameron was forced to retire in disgrace.
Also of interest is Dr. John C. Lilly (10), who was asked by the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health to brief the CIA, FBI, NSA and military intelligence services on his work using electrodes to stimulate, directly, the pleasure and pain centers of the brain. Lilly said that he refused the request. However, as stated in his book, he continued to do "useful" work for the national security apparatus. In terms of timing this is interesting, for these events took place in 1953. Scientist Eldon Byrd, who worked for the Naval Surface Weapons Office, was commissioned in 1981 to develop electromagnetic devices for purposes including riot control, clandestine operations and hostage removal. (11)
From 1965 through to 1970, Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA), with up to 70-80% funding provided by the military, set in motion operation PANDORA to study the health and psychological effects of low intensity microwaves with regard to the so-called "Moscow signal." This project appears to have been quite extensive and included (under U.S. Navy funding) studies demonstrating how to induce heart seizures, create leaks in the blood/brain barrier and production of auditory hallucinations. Despite attempts to render the Pandora program invisible to scrutiny, FOIA filings revealed memoranda of Richard Cesaro, Director of DARPA, which confirmed that the program's initial goal was to "discover whether a carefully controlled microwave signal could control the mind." Cesaro urged that these studies be made "for potential weapons applications." (12)
Following immense public outcry, Congress forbade further research and demanded that these projects be terminated across the board. But as former CIA agent Victor Marchetti later revealed, the programs merely became more covert with a high element of "deniability" built in to them, and that CIA claims to the contrary are a cover story. (13) Despite the fact that many of the aforementioned projects revolved around the use of narcotics and hallucinogens, projects ARTICHOKE, PANDORA and CHATTER clearly demonstrate that "psychoelectronics" were a high priority. Indeed, author John Marks' anonymous informant (known humorously as "Deep Trance") stated that beginning in 1963 mind control research strongly emphasized electronics.
An obscure District of Columbia corporation called Mankind Research Unlimited (MRU) and its wholly owned subsidiary, Systems Consultants Inc. (SCI), operated a number of classified intelligence, government and Pentagon contracts, specializing in, amongst other things: "problem solving in the areas of intelligence electronic warfare, sensor technology and applications." (14)
MRU's "capability and experience" is divided into four fields. These include "biophysics -- Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields," "Research in Magneto-fluid Dynamics," "Planetary Electro-Hydro-Dynamics" and "Geopathic Efforts on Living Organisms." The latter focuses on the induction of illness by altering the magnetic nature of the geography. Also under research were "Biocybernetics, Psychodynamic Experiments in Telepathy," "Errors in Human Perception," "Biologically Generated Fields," "Metapsychiatry and the Ultraconscious Mind" (believed to refer to experiments in telepathic mind control), "Behavioural Neuropsychiatry," "Analysis and Measurement of Human Subjective States" and "Human Unconscious Behavioural Patterns."
Employing some old OSS, CIA and military intelligence officers, the company also engages the services of prominent physicians and psychologists including E. Stanton Maxey, Stanley R. Dean Berthold Eric Schwarz plus many more. MRU lists in its Company Capabilities "brain and mind control." (15) Despite vehement claims by MRU's chairman that it is not a "front organization for any branch of the United States Government..." (16) one must treat these claims with a great deal of skepticism.
Where Science and paranormal meet. Edited by John White and Stanley Krippner.
CONTENTS
I. Setting the Perspective
From Pseudoscience to Superscience
1. Commentary
2. New Fields, New Laws William Tiller
3. The possibility of a New Force in Nature. Rexford Daniels
4. Psychotronics: The State of the Art. Zdenek Rejdak.
II. THE OCCULT FORCES OF LIFE
Ancient mysteries, Modern Revelations
5. Commentary
6. The fields of Life Edward Russell
7. Radiations Known and Unknown Langston Day
8. Prana: The Traditional and the Modern View Gopi Krishna
9. The Energy Behind True Magic W.E. Butler
10. Wilhelm Reich and Orgone Energy W. Edward Mann
11. Bioplasma: The Fifth State of Matter? Viktor M. Inyushin
III. The Geometry of the Paranormal
Other Dimensions, Higher Planes
12. Commentary
13. Toward a Representation of the "Irrepresentable" Steven M. Rosen
14. Space: The All-Embracing Container Hermine Sabetay
15. The Idea of Counterspace Olive Whicher
16. The Etheric Formative Forces Guenther Wachsmuth
17. Ther Rediscovery of the Ether H.C. Dudley
18. Neoenery and Geometric Forms SERGE V. KING
IV. From Physics to Metaphysics
Toward a Creative Synthesis of Knowledge
19. Commentary
20. Biopsychophysics--The Proper Study of Man E. Stanton Maxey
21. Biogravitation and Psychotronics Alexander P. Dubrov
22. Hidden Variables: Where Physics and the Paranormal Meet E.H.Walker and Nick Herbert
23. The Positive and Negative Space/Time Frames as Conjugate Systems
William Tiller
24. Paraphysics: A New View of Ourselves and the Cosmos C. Muses
25. The Convergence of Physics and Psychology J.H.M. Whiteman
26. Quantum Physics and Paranormal Events Laurence M. Beynam
V. The New Technology
Harnessing the Energies of Life
27. Commentary
28. Applications of Dowsing: An Ancient Biopsychophysical Art
Christopher Bird
29.Radionics--Science of the Future Edward W. Russell
30. The Incredible Hieronymus Machine Joseph F. Goodavage
31. Orgone Energy Weather Engineering Through the Cloudbuster Trevor James Constable.
32. A First-Hand Look at Psychotronic Generators Stanley Krippner
33. Methods of Detecting and Measuring Healing Energies Robert N. Miller
34. The Motoyama Device: Measuring Psychic Energy
Hiroshi Motoyama
35. Paranormal Tape-Recorded Voices: A Paraphysical Breakthrough D. Scott Rogo
36. Apparatus Communications with Discarnate Persons Julius Weinberger
VI. The Social Dimension
The Impact of Science on Society
37. Commentary
38. The Societal Implications and Social Impact of Paranormal Phenomena
Willis W. Harman
39. Parascience and Social Responsibility
Michael Rossman
40. Science and Illumination David Spangler
41. The Skeptics Saul-Paul Sirag
VII. APPENdixes
I The X Energy: A Universal Phenomenon
II "Operation Kooler" Trevor James Constable
III Suggestions for Further Exploration
About the Authors.
FIRST EDITION 1977
CONTENTS
I. Setting the Perspective
From Pseudoscience to Superscience
1. Commentary
2. New Fields, New Laws William Tiller
3. The possibility of a New Force in Nature. Rexford Daniels
4. Psychotronics: The State of the Art. Zdenek Rejdak.
II. THE OCCULT FORCES OF LIFE
Ancient mysteries, Modern Revelations
5. Commentary
6. The fields of Life Edward Russell
7. Radiations Known and Unknown Langston Day
8. Prana: The Traditional and the Modern View Gopi Krishna
9. The Energy Behind True Magic W.E. Butler
10. Wilhelm Reich and Orgone Energy W. Edward Mann
11. Bioplasma: The Fifth State of Matter? Viktor M. Inyushin
III. The Geometry of the Paranormal
Other Dimensions, Higher Planes
12. Commentary
13. Toward a Representation of the "Irrepresentable" Steven M. Rosen
14. Space: The All-Embracing Container Hermine Sabetay
15. The Idea of Counterspace Olive Whicher
16. The Etheric Formative Forces Guenther Wachsmuth
17. Ther Rediscovery of the Ether H.C. Dudley
18. Neoenery and Geometric Forms SERGE V. KING
IV. From Physics to Metaphysics
Toward a Creative Synthesis of Knowledge
19. Commentary
20. Biopsychophysics--The Proper Study of Man E. Stanton Maxey
21. Biogravitation and Psychotronics Alexander P. Dubrov
22. Hidden Variables: Where Physics and the Paranormal Meet E.H.Walker and Nick Herbert
23. The Positive and Negative Space/Time Frames as Conjugate Systems
William Tiller
24. Paraphysics: A New View of Ourselves and the Cosmos C. Muses
25. The Convergence of Physics and Psychology J.H.M. Whiteman
26. Quantum Physics and Paranormal Events Laurence M. Beynam
V. The New Technology
Harnessing the Energies of Life
27. Commentary
28. Applications of Dowsing: An Ancient Biopsychophysical Art
Christopher Bird
29.Radionics--Science of the Future Edward W. Russell
30. The Incredible Hieronymus Machine Joseph F. Goodavage
31. Orgone Energy Weather Engineering Through the Cloudbuster Trevor James Constable.
32. A First-Hand Look at Psychotronic Generators Stanley Krippner
33. Methods of Detecting and Measuring Healing Energies Robert N. Miller
34. The Motoyama Device: Measuring Psychic Energy
Hiroshi Motoyama
35. Paranormal Tape-Recorded Voices: A Paraphysical Breakthrough D. Scott Rogo
36. Apparatus Communications with Discarnate Persons Julius Weinberger
VI. The Social Dimension
The Impact of Science on Society
37. Commentary
38. The Societal Implications and Social Impact of Paranormal Phenomena
Willis W. Harman
39. Parascience and Social Responsibility
Michael Rossman
40. Science and Illumination David Spangler
41. The Skeptics Saul-Paul Sirag
VII. APPENdixes
I The X Energy: A Universal Phenomenon
II "Operation Kooler" Trevor James Constable
III Suggestions for Further Exploration
About the Authors.
FIRST EDITION 1977
Psychophysics: A Wholistic Approach to Energy Healing
Psychophysics: A Wholistic Approach to Energy Healing
Copyright Julia Melges Jablonski, 1996
From the forthcoming book Capturing the Aura,
Edited by C. E. Lindgren. Nevada City, CA: Blue Dolphin Publication Co.
Introduction
References to a light or aura surrounding the human body can be found from the beginnings of recorded history throughout many cultures both Eastern and Western. Until recent times, perception of this light has been restricted to mystics, philosophers, sensitives and artists. Many who were unable to perceive this aura have doubted its existence.
Skepticism regarding auras has been centered mainly in the West. In the late 1800's there was great interest and research into life energy and the use of electrical and magnetic devices for healing in the United States. There was no standardization at this time, and some of these treatments may have been dangerous or harmful. In 1909, the U.S. government sponsored the Flexner Report with the aim of upgrading and standardizing medical care and education nationally. This report not only made electromagnetic healing treatments illegal, but it ruled that electromagnetic energy is in no way involved in physiology or medicine. Research in bio-energy came to be considered disreputable and preposterous. (Eidelman)
In Eastern and other cultures and sub-cultures, treatment of illness through the aura energy of the body is an ancient and continuing practice. Mystics and "seers" have traditionally held highly respected positions in these cultures as shamans, healers, and medicine people. Western academia, by contrast, has derided intuitive knowledge during the last century. Recent developments, however, negate the possibility of true objectivity in research and demand an integration of subjective experience and scientific methodology.
Research in the 20th century has led to the development of sensitive technology which has proven the existence of luminescent energy fields surrounding living organisms. Through technology we are now able to observe, measure and explain the energetic basis for auric healing. This chapter will aim to integrate the realms of science and spiritual belief in order to present an understanding of energy healing that relies not on faith but rather on knowledge both intuitive and intellectual.
Psychophysics: The Wave of the Future
In approaching the aura or electromagnetic human energy field from a scientific perspective, one must be prepared to expand on the traditional scientific approach in order to create a bridge between knowledge that has been established by traditional science and the core of knowledge shared between many metaphysical schools of thought.
The traditional focus of science on the mechanical processes involved in phenomena limits the scope of knowledge obtained to the physical or mechanical realm. While this approach has yielded a great deal of knowledge about the physical world, in order to adequately observe psi phenomena, or phenomena not explainable by known natural physical causes, one must expand the traditional mechanical model to include the non-physical dimension. Psi phenomena such as telekinesis, extra-sensory perception and spiritual healing contradict physical law by transcending space and time. It is no wonder that "scientists" often conclude that psi phenomenon do not exist. They are trying to study five-dimensional phenomena through a three-dimensional model (the fourth dimension being occupied by time).
Traditional science typically stands at the edge of the known world and tries to move into new territory with only the maps of the already-conquered territory to guide them. A concrete example of this is the well-known belief in Europe before discovery of the Americas that the world was flat, and that nothing existed beyond the ocean which they saw disappearing into the distance. This approach by scientists tends to blind them to the potential scope of the vast unknown territory ahead. Pioneers, on the other hand, tend to use a plane (or boat) to fly into the wilderness and then work their way back, and in the process they create the maps for the less daring to follow after them.
Some of the greatest thinkers and inventors in history were such pioneers, and they often faced the same sort of scorn from the "establishment" that researchers of psi phenomena face today. A study of people historically recognized for their creative and innovative work led to the development of a six-step model of the creative process based on the words of these individuals. In order to even begin such a creative and innovative process, the studied concluded that a person must possess a "capacity to see things without prejudice for the conventional." (Schwartz) That relatively few people possess such a capacity is the basis for the perceived chasm between "science" and "spiritual" understanding. While there is much work to be done in integrating these two spheres of thought, there is in actuality no true conflict between them.
What does this have to do with auras? Despite the skeptical reaction of many well-educated individuals to the existence of the aura, electromagnetic fields have been proven to exist around all living things. (Perhaps it is the educational process itself which teaches the "correct" approach to learning that in fact limits the ability of the well-educated to see beyond their prescribed window of perception). Hard data exist in abundance that illustrate the nature of life and all matter as empty space with patterns of energy running through it, and which also demonstrate the effects of the interactions of these subtle energy fields.
These studies have laid the foundation for a bridge between "science" and "spiritual or energy healing." Quantum theory extends current physical knowledge to provide us with models for understanding how psi phenomena may manifest, and is perhaps the best vehicle for crossing the unknown territory ahead. While quantum physics is a realm of theory rather than proven law, it provides us with working models that, so long as they encompass what is known and do not conflict with current understanding, provide valuable channels for establishing future foundations of knowledge and subsequently deeper exploration into the nature of life or consciousness. When we integrate "psychic" experience, scientific research and quantum theory, a model of energy healing and other psi phenomena can be developed that is harmonious, wholistic and enlightening.
The Cross-cultural History of Auras
References to the aura can be traced back to the very beginnings of civilization. In the West we are likely most familiar with the aura as a glowing light or halo surrounding the heads of Jesus, Mary and saints in religious art. The aura denoted spiritual energy long before it's depiction as halos in Christianity, however. Ancient Egyptian art is full of representations of the aura. Energy as the basis for life is at the core of Eastern religions; in China this energy is called "Chi," in India, it's referred to as "prana." In mystical Hindu writings one finds reference to the "thousand-petaled lotus of light" surrounding the head of those who achieved enlightenment. (Walker)
One finds numerous allusions to visions of light and to light as the source of life in literature as well. One of the earliest written examples comes from the writings of Hildegard von Bingen (1098 - 1179), who produced major visionary and theological writings over the course of her lifetime. She describes in her writings her visions of luminous objects, as well as other visionary experiences of light. She was a composer of music and some say the ethereal tone of her work is the foundation for what has come to be known as New Age music. (Lerman)
Centuries later, Lord Alfred Tennyson wrote of death as a diminishing of light and slowing of the "wheels of Being," which could be said to correspond to the chakras, the body's life energy vortexes referred to in Hindu religion.* Certainly light is cross-culturally held to be the essence of spirit or "God," as is reflected in language such as "divine light," the "light of the Holy Spirit" and "enlightenment." The Bible is full of light imagery. **
*Be near me when my light is low, When the blood creeps, and the nerves prick and tingle; and the heart is sick, And all the wheels of Being slow..." Lord Alfred Tennyson, In the Valley of Cauteretz, 1847
**Now it is high time to awake out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light." Corinthians 1, 11 "The Lord is the source of my light and my safety, so whom shall I fear?"Psalm 26:1
Scientific Research Supporting Life Energy Fields
Until recent times, conscious perception of these light energy fields was the province of clairvoyants, healers and "sensitives." With the development of ever more sensitive technology, however, we are now able to objectively measure these energy fields and interactions. That all living organisms are surrounded by electromagnetic fields is not disputed. The electrostatic field surrounding the human body can be easily measured by a static meter. These fields have been measured and even photographed in experiments with humans, animals and plants.
For example, EKG's measure the electrical impulses of the heart. EEG's measure the magnetic fields around our heads resulting from the tiny electrical currents in the brain. Polygraph tests measure the human body's electrical potential, and fluctuations in this energy provide feedback in response to the subject's thoughts and emotions. Kirlian photography captures the electromagnetic fields of living systems on film, and has proven that the conditions of these fields correspond to the life energy of the biosystems they emanate from.
Kirlian photography is able to transfer the aura of the subject to film by placing the subject of the photograph (such as a leaf or a human hand) directly on the film or photographic plate and passing high-frequency electrical currents through it. Kirlian photography has demonstrated that the auric energy emanating from plants and animals changes with alterations in the physical, mental and emotional states of the subject and its environment.
Semyon Kirlian, the developer of this photography, was asked in 1950 to photograph the energy radiations of two nearly identical leaves presented to him by a stranger. He and his wife stayed up late into the night, but despite their efforts one leaf revealed strong energy flares on film while the other barely registered even weak luminescence. When they showed their dismal results to the stranger the next day, he became very excited, for despite their identical appearance, the leaf that had revealed strong energy had been plucked from a healthy plant, and the leaf that had registered little energy had been plucked from a diseased plant. Subsequent Kirlian research has shown that the energy photographed around plants is indeed related to its vitality or life, for if a leaf is injured or allowed to die the energy will gradually diminish and then disappear. (Tompkins and Bird)
Kirlian photographic research of the human aura reveals energy fields surrounding people's physical bodies. Scientific research has further determined that this energy is concentrated in hundreds of points on the body that seem to correspond to Chinese acupuncture points. (Tompkins and Bird)
Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields:
Research into the energetic aura surrounding plants and humans has found that non-biological electromagnetic waves have strong impacts on the energy fields surrounding living organisms, and even that the electromagnetic fields of living organisms interact with and affect each other. All living beings are in constant communication, even down to the cellular level.
The following two experiments demonstrate the effects of non-biological electromagnetic radiation on the human energy field. NASA conducted a series of experiments in which physicists altered the electromagnetic energy content of a special "shielded" room while maintaining other variables such as gravitational force and oxygen content at constant levels. When the electromagnetic energy of the room was decreased, auric fields were observed to become randomly disorganized, scattered and incoherent. Subjects reported disorientation and burst into tears as though their very lives were threatened. When the electromagnetic energy of the room was increased beyond normal levels, the auric fields returned to normal patterns and lightened in color with increased white vibrations. Subjects reported clear thinking and an expansion of their consciousness. (Free)
Other studies of the effects of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by high-voltage power lines in North America reveal links between long-term exposure and cancer. For example, New York telephone cable splicers exhibited 165% more leukemia, 100% more brain cancer and 145% more prostate cancer than control subjects. Los Angeles children with cancer were twice as likely to live in houses near high power lines as controls. In Sweden, children living near high voltage lines exhibited 120% more leukemia, 120% more lymphoma and 420% more tumors of the nervous system than children not living near power lines. (Maxey)
Interaction of the electromagnetic energy of living organisms has been explored extensively and yielded some surprising results. Cleve Backster conducted experiments in which he removed oral white blood cells from a subject and then removed the cells from the subject's physical presence by a distance of a half-mile. The subject was then asked to watch television while the television was monitored for content and the cells were monitored for electrical potential. Interviews with the subject show correlations between periods of emotional arousal in the subject during the television viewing and the electrical activity of the cells. (Stone)
Backster subsequently experimented with his own cells, and found that he could cause them to react electrically to his thoughts. Sending them love resulted in a spike in electromagnetic energy, and the decision to use an antiseptic breath freshener (which would kill other cells in his mouth) produced an intense reaction in the cells. This apparent ability of living human cells to read a person's mind mirrors Backster's extensive previous experimentation that demonstrated that plants respond to people's thoughts, feelings, and especially their intentions. (Stone)
Not only do the energy fields of people and plants effect each other, but highly sophisticated measurements reveal that the tiniest change in any system in the body affects all other systems of the body in some manner. (Bentov) How is it that these systems impact each other? The answer to this also provides a mechanism behind psi phenomena such as extrasensory perception, telepathy, and energy healing.
Everything, everyone, every action, every thought, every feeling--ALL is energy. Physicists have established that all life, indeed all matter, is empty space with matrices of oscillating fields of energy running through it, and that these waves of energy radiate out at the velocity of light into the farthest reaches of the cosmos and interact with all the other radiating waves.
The more researchers magnify and study the nature of matter, the more apparent it becomes that matter is not solid, but rather is empty space and moving energy. The very fibers of our physical bodies are mainly empty space!
If we take a section of muscle from our leg and magnify it we'll discover the muscle is composed of very ordered fibers. If we magnify the fibers we find long fibers made of organized, coiled long molecules. These molecules, magnified, reveal a highly ordered, essentially crystalline material. This material magnified dissolves into atoms clustered in groups, vibrating rapidly and rhythmically. Suppose we are able to magnify the atoms. At first we perceive indistinct balls pulsating about fixed molecular points. As we magnify further, we see less and less. The electron shell dissolves under magnification to reveal a vacuum. An infinitesimal speck located in the relatively vast space of the atom suggests the nucleus. On a scale where the nucleus is 1mm, the radius of the electron orbit would be approximately 10 meters, the ratio being 1 to 10,000. The intervening space is a vacuum. Imagine magnifying the nucleus, which dissolves from a shadowy pulsation to reveal more vacuum, or empty space, etc... (Bentov)
The microreality reveals that "solid" matter is in essence empty space filled with pulsating fields of energy. These fields interlock with neighboring fields as their waves radiate out into the cosmos. By our bodies' very nature as transmitters of energy, they are also receivers, as is true of man-made transmitters and receivers. In this way life is constantly in communication and interacting with everything else in the universe on subtle or generally imperceptible levels. This common basis of all things as interconnected energy is reminiscent of the "Oneness" of existence central to many spiritual philosophies.
The Underlying Mechanism in Energy Healing: Thoughts are Energy
The nervous system of the body is a conductor of electrical impulses that order our bodies' biological rhythms from breath, heart beat, and movement to the functioning of our immune system and beyond. As science has well established, all electric currents radiate electromagnetic fields.
Physical, observable phenomenon such as the gross bodily functions are composed of energy and this is also true of thoughts and emotions; they just don't share the same range of frequencies. Thought is simply energy that causes the neurons in the brain to fire in a certain pattern. This produces currents in the brain that can be measured through electrodes on the skull. We know that no energy is lost in a closed system, so if this energy can be measured outside of the head, it means that the thought energy radiated out as electromagnetic waves at the velocity of light into the environment and eventually the cosmos. (Bentov)
Just as light energy can be focused in a laser, thought energy can be focused to a target. Unfocused light energy simply spreads out in waves, much like the soft light given off by a lamp, but focusing light with a laser sends the light out in even, coherent waves that can be directed in a narrow beam over large distances. Consider thought energy as a force affecting the surface of water. If we drop a stone in water it radiates out in ever-weakening ripples or waves, but by pushing the water forcefully with a hand we can manipulate the flow. It is within the electromagnetic spectrum and perhaps even subtler levels that the energy that is our thoughts or feelings can affect other fields of energy such as those of the body. Conscious awareness and manipulation of this subtle energy is the basis for energy healing.
Thought Energy: Brain v. Mind
You may well be wondering if the body and brain are just conductors of energy, then where does thought originate? Where do these pebbles come from anyway?
Clearly, consciousness is separate from the physical body and the physical brain.
Our language is rich with the understanding of the nature of mind as separate from the physical. Phrases such as "pass out," "out of your mind," "out of touch," and "light out" (to depart suddenly) reflect at least a subconscious understanding that it is possible to be separate from your brain or body. For example, if one is "knocked out" (literally, knocked out of the body) then the body will continue to function, its heart will beat, it will breathe, the blood will circulate, etc... The consciousness can be experiencing nothing or experiencing "realities" or "dreams" that in no way involve the physical body. Many models of consciousness portray the body as the subconscious, the mind as the conscious, and the soul or spirit as beyond these.
In dreams a car is often a symbol for our bodies. A driver can get out of a car and leave it running, but in order for it to move in a purposeful manner, a higher consciousness (the driver) is needed. The driver is the mind and the source of thought. As this driver, or the mind, exists independent of the physical body, it may be said to correlate to ideas of a "soul" or "spirit." The source of the soul is believed spiritually by many to be "God," or the ultimate creative force of the universe. As science is now validating metaphysical beliefs regarding auric life energy, perhaps one day we will be also able to somehow observe and measure "God." For now the origins of the mind are beyond the scope of intellectual knowledge.
Extra-Sensory-Perception: The Product of Extra-Sensitive Nervous Systems
Fascinating work with plants reveals much about the interaction of subtle energy between living systems. Of particular interest are findings related to the subjective interference of experimenters and discrepancies in results achieved by different observers.
By hooking plants up to polygraph equipment (and later EKG and EEG equipment), Cleve Backster and other researchers discovered that not only do plants respond to experiences in their environment, but they respond most intensely to the intentions of people in their environment. In other words, they seem to be able to pick up on people's thoughts. The strongest readings obtained were in reaction to the destruction of living cells, whether they were plant, animal or human cells. The death or threat of death to living cells caused intense electromagnetic reactions by the plants.
While many of the amazing results of experiments with plant energy fields have been reproduced over and over, the sum of the experiments has revealed that some people are better able to affect and monitor the energy reactions of the plants. This may be because the energy of some individuals interacts more powerfully with the experiment (such as is suggested in experiments that show that the expectation of the observer influences the outcome). It is likely, however, that sensitive people are better able to attune themselves and establish "communication" or energy interaction with plants. (Tompkins and Bird)
One plant energy researcher, Marcel Vogel, emphasizes the ability to approach experimentation with an open mind unbound by preconceptions as the key to being able to produce phenomenon. He experimented with children and had them try to connect with a plant's energy. Having established this connection, he had them gently move their hand back and forth over the leaves. Eventually, the plants would begin to oscillate or sway with the movement of the child's hand, despite there being no physical contact between the child and the plant. These experiments have proven to be much more successful with children than with adults, and Vogel speculates this is because children have no preconceptions and are able to establish empathy with the plant in a way adults in Western culture would likely find ridiculous. (Tompkins and Bird)
He also asserts that altering his state of consciousness was necessary to fully connect with the energy fields he was studying. The value of altered states of consciousness in perceiving beyond the normal human range is one theme shared historically by many spiritual schools of thought.
Altered States of Consciousness and Extrasensory Perception
If everything is empty space with patterns of energy running through it, then it is these patterns, or the wavelengths or vibrations of these patterns that determine whether something is a car, a person, a thought, etc... Differences in these frequencies determine the exact form of the field in its every detail. There is a range of vibrations that compose ordinary human consciousness and manifestation on the physical plane. For example, our eyes perceive light frequencies between red and violet. We know that infrared and ultraviolet rays exist but they are beyond our visible range of perception. Our ears perceive sound waves between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Dogs can hear pitches that are higher. Just because people can't hear it doesn't mean the sound doesn't exist. We can't perceive x-rays or microwaves with our senses, but have developed technology that is more sensitive than our physical senses that can measure these waves. Vibrations existing outside of the of the range of the five human physical senses normally escape our conscious perception.
Clairvoyants and healers either come programmed with an expanded range of perception, or can alter the state or frequency of their of consciousness in order to perceive energy vibrations outside of the normal human range. Higher frequencies and forms are invisible to most humans because these higher frequencies are beyond our perception. (Bentov) Through altered states of consciousness one can expand the range of their perception to perceive these higher frequencies.
In Stalking the Wild Pendulum, Itzhak Bentov created a strong metaphor to demonstrate the relationship of altered states of consciousness to "extra-sensory perception." He compares consciousness to listening to a radio. When listening to a radio, the closest station broadcasting on a certain frequency is the one we hear, but there are many stations broadcasting on that frequency that we don't hear because of the noise of the one broadcasting that is closest to us. If we can selectively turn down the volume of that local station (or our physical consciousness), and turn up the volume of other stations we can perceive broadcasts that generally go unnoticed.
People with exceptional hearing (sensitives) may pick up the signals from the weaker stations despite the noise of the local one, but anyone who turns down that loud station should be able to perceive these signals as well. This is how one can develop "psychic abilities" through meditation, or learning how to quiet the consciousness. It is interesting to note that many "normal" people report paranormal experiences through dreams or during sleep-states, for at these times one's consciousness is naturally more quiet than during waking hours. (Bentov)
Recall the analogy of thought to the movement of water, where dropping a pebble in the water produces waves that spread out and diminish in all directions, but pushing the water with one's hand allows one to direct the flow. Well, if the surface of the water is choppy and full of waves because it's constantly being bombarded with thought-boulders, it is unlikely that we'll notice the ripples of pebbles. By calming the surface of the water (quieting the consciousness) we can perceive the finer ripples or waves.
The fine line between Genius and Madness
When I first began consciously perceiving things (such as auras) that other people apparently weren't, I worried that I was going insane. I subsequently explored these events further and discovered that many people shared my experiences. As I had had no knowledge of these matters at the time I came to believe that what I had experienced was "real," and not manufactured through distortion of perceptions due to a malfunctioning brain.
It then occurred to me that perhaps the many people in mental institutions who see or hear things that "aren't there," are in fact simply perceiving energy beyond the normal human range of perception. I have since encountered this theory numerous times. What would separate these individuals from "psychics" is an inability to recognize that their experiences are extraordinary. The result is that they think everyone else is strange because they don't share their perceptions. In this scenario one might say that the "schizophrenic" was not trying to actively quiet his or her consciousness, or that local station, but in fact was perceiving an undifferentiated mixture of signals from several stations including the local one.
Healers: Receivers, Transmitters and Directors of Energy
Experiments have demonstrated that not only are those who are adept at quieting their consciousness better receivers of information via electromagnetic waves, but they are also better generators or channels of this energy.
A study of electrostatic charge on electrically-isolated meditators revealed that exceptional meditators can produce large surges in bodily electrostatic energy. The experiment compared 10 average meditators with 9 "'exceptional'" meditators (healers) in a Copper Wall Lab designed to electrically isolate the subjects from the ground. To detect electrostatic potential each meditator's body and the walls were "floated" on single-ended electrometer inputs. In 45 minute sessions, no body-potential surges reached 4 volts in the regular meditators, but in sessions with the healers surges ranged from 4 volts to 221 volts (with a median of 8.3 volts). When measuring the body-potential surges of the healers during a healing session, surges were recorded ranging from 4 volts to 190 volts. At the high end of this spectrum the surges are 105 times greater than EKG voltages and 106 times larger than EEG voltages, a phenomenon that can not be accounted for by any presently known biological processes. (Green)
A person adept at altering their state of consciousness can learn how to consciously receive and interpret energy or information from other living systems, to generate powerful energy surges themselves, and to direct the flow of this energy. These skills are the foundation of energy healing, or healing through the aura.
Disease and Healing: Harmonizing Energy for Health
The tiniest disturbance in one energy field disturbs the others around it, and in turn these spread out to ultimately the farthest reaches of the cosmos. Whenever a disturbance in these fields drives the fields out of harmonious rhythm, this discordant pattern of energy radiates outward and in turn disturbs the surrounding fields it encounters. Once this original discordant energy is re-balanced or harmonized, all of the energy effected by the original disturbance will return to order. At the same time, if one introduces strong harmonizing energy to a matrix of discordant energy fields, this harmonizing energy may "entrain" the discordant elements of the system, or bring them into order and harmony. (Bentov) When discordant energy is introduced to the human energy system, the unbalancing may produce disease. By introducing strong harmonizing energy to a discordant or "dis-eased" system, one can bring the system back into balance, or "heal" it.
Every organ, tissue and cell of a living being has its own unique frequency: measurement of its energy indicates a consistent vibration or resonance. Cells are essentially organic electromagnetic transceivers that emit and absorb high-frequency waves. Extensive research has indeed shown that disruptions or imbalances in these frequencies correlate with disease, infection and injury. (Townsend)
As early as 1925 Georges Lakhovsky published a study that supported his theory that disease is the result of imbalance in cellular frequencies, or a "war of radiations" between the frequencies of the body's cells and those of bacteria, viruses or pathogens. If the energy of the pathogens is stronger than the frequencies of the healthy cells it is thrown off and the discordance produces disease. If they are unable to rebalance themselves, the cells die. If, however, the harmonious frequencies of the healthy cells are stronger, the microbes are killed and health is restored. (Tompkins and Bird)
More recently, Royal Rife isolated what is believed to be the cancer microbe, and under a special microscope that allows full color spectrum viewing without harm to the subject, he found that this cancer microbe radiated a magenta-colored frequency. He also determined other frequencies that would kill this microbe and many other harmful microbes. Many people who volunteered themselves in his research were completely cured of cancer and other diseases. (Townsend)
Several alternative treatments directly aim to alter or balance electrical currents in the body through technology. Transcranial eletrotherapy is used to treat alcoholism, drug addiction, stress and pain. It's aim is to stabilize the neuroelectric environment by applying electrical currents through the skin. An electroacuscope measures and corrects areas of altered electrical activity in the body. In disease or an injury, the movement of ions between cells is blocked, causing detectable physical changes on the body. By restoring electrical balance to the body, medical doctors have used these devices to successfully treat pain, injury and disease. (Janiger and Goldberg)
As above, so below
Another avenue for healing through energy involves affecting the frequencies of the non-physical body or bodies, or the energy field surrounding the body. Clairvoyants and mystics maintain that the human body is the physical core of several layers of non-physical bodies, which correspond to successively higher frequencies of non-physical life. The first layer beyond the physical is usually called the etheric or the astral body, and it is this body that is said to be a template or pre-form for the physical body. Because it is a template of the ideal physical, when a limb is amputated sensitives claim that the missing limb will continue to show up on the astral level. This phenomenon has been photographed through Kirlian photography on a plant, which shows the energetic outline of a whole leaf despite part of the leaf having been cut away.
This widely held spiritual belief that manifestation begins in the non-physical dimension and then manifests in the physical is supported by other research as well. Marcel Vogel discovered in microscopic research of magnified liquid crystal that through an "inner vision" or non-physical perception he was able to perceive activity not usually revealed in the microscopic field. He then developed methods of bringing these phenomena into the range of visual perception. He concluded from this research that crystals manifest from "pre-forms, or ghost images of pure energy which anticipate the solids." (Tompkins and Bird)
If manifestation begins in the non-physical planes, then if one can affect the non-physical energy or "pre-form" one can influence the physical manifestation. Here is one probable mechanism underlying psycho-somatic illness and energy or spiritual healing.
Beyond Theory: Energy Healing Works!
"Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring forth speedily." Bible, Isaiah, 8
Many studies have been conducted that have resulted in verification of the power of healing energy. In fact, in researching this phenomenon, I was struck by how many universities have special elaborate facilities for conducting such research. These experiments rule out the power of suggestion and placebo affects by objectively measuring various aspects of the electromagnetic fields in healing situations. Kirlian observation of healing sessions has revealed that the observable energy of healers is smaller after a healing session, while the patient's energy is enhanced, indicating a transfer of energy. (Tompkins and Bird)
One experiment by Daniel P. Wirth, M.S., J.D., demonstrated that subjects who received five minutes of exposure to a Non-contact Therapeutic Touch Practioner experienced a significant acceleration in the rate of healing of identical wounds as compared with control subjects who either received no such exposure or exposure to a "fake" healer. (Wirth)
A thirteen years long series of experiments demonstrated the human ability to mentally influence biological systems regardless of distance or isolation of the subjects from all conventional and energetic influences. Many controls were implemented to rule out error or extraneous influences. Through intention, focused attention and visualization of desired outcomes, subjects were able to influence another person's "electrodermal activity, blood pressure, and muscular activity; the spatial orientation of fish; the locomotor activity of small mammals; and the rate of hemolysis of human red blood cells." The experiments have been considered laboratory analogs of mental healing. (Braud and Schlitz)
In an experiment by Dr. Valorie Hunt and colleagues at UCLA in which a sensitive or clairvoyant relayed her observations of the color, size, and energy movements of the chakras and auras of a healer and patient, it was found that the measured and mathematically analyzed energy patterns of the healer and patient corresponded to the auric colors observed by the psychics. The location of the colors and time of occurrence also corresponded with the quantitative data. Seven other aura readers achieved similar results. (Alvino) At last the observations of technology are approaching the depth of those of mystics throughout history!
Tachyon energy, the Creative Force of the Universe
While study of the electromagnetic interaction of all life may seem revolutionary, quantum physics has gone even farther. Experiments showing the reaction of plants to mental influences suggest that there are forces beyond the electromagnetic spectrum responsible for the interactions, for plants responded even when placed in a Faraday cage which blocked penetration of electromagnetic waves. (Tompkins and Bird) Quantum physicists speculate that the force beyond the electromagnetic is something that has been given the name "Tachyon energy."
Tachyons are the theoretical source of subatomic particles, and the expansion of the tachyon field is speculated to be the creative force of the universe. Tachyon theory explains the instantaneous nature of psi phenomenon, which transcend Einstein's relativity theory that restricted the movement of energy in the universe to the speed of light. Tachyon theory postulates that there are actually two universes involved in creation: the visible, sub-light speed universe we are conscious of and an invisible, faster-than-light universe. This Tachyon energy is omnipresent, or exists holographically simultaneously everywhere because it travels faster than light, and hence takes no time to travel through space. (Takionic Products)
Tachyon energy is speculated to be the creative and sustaining force of all life, which requires a certain balance of energy to sustain itself. When a life form requires life energy, a vacuum is created and tachyon energy rushes in. The nervous system is viewed as a conductor for the absorption and processing of this energy. Energy healers are perhaps simply individuals whose sensitive or developed nervous systems make them more adept at manipulating or processing this energy. (Takionic Products) If tachyon energy is indeed the life force, then it is this force which may correspond to the vital energy of life called variously Chi or Qi by the people of China; bioplasma by Russian researchers; animal magnetism by Franz Mesmer, the father of hypnotism; orgone by Dr. Wilhelm Reich and the Force by Master Yoda and his disciples. Electromagnetic fields may prove to be merely the language through which this energy manifests and communicates.
While tachyon theory is at the frontier of physical research, there is now adequate knowledge regarding electromagnetic field interaction to explain energy healing. Tachyon energy is mentioned because there is always another layer of the onion to explore. I often visualize the galaxy from the outside the way humans may visualize a cell. Perhaps the planets are in some way similar to electrons orbiting an atomic nucleus (the sun). At the same time, the galaxy may be but an infinitesimal particle of say, a blade of grass of a larger system, which may itself be but a tiny particle of another system, etc... If the macrocosm (from our perspective) mirrors the microcosm, then the microcosm in turn reflects the macrocosm. At the level of atomic particles there may exist many levels of energy and life too small for us to perceive. A proton may be an entire "world" filled with lifeforms similar to the world of the earth.
Conclusion:
Recent technological developments have at last intellectually confirmed the ancient metaphysical knowledge that life is essentially energy and that this life energy is observable in the auras emitted by all living organisms. Scientific research into the nature this energy and the interactions between electromagnetic fields has produced results that mirror the observations and views of "sensitives" and healers. This research has provided evidence not only of the existence of the aura, but also of the mechanisms behind and power of auric healing.
Perhaps future research into the nature of life and consciousness will also benefit from serious contemplation of esoteric knowledge and the incorporation of spiritual philosophy in scientific exploration. With the recent observations that "objective research" is oxymoronic, given that the mind of the observer affects the results of the experiment, clearly the line between scientific methodology and subjective perspective has collapsed. Open-mindedness, or the ability to approach the unknown without prejudice for conventional thought has led to the greatest innovations in history, and continues to hold the most promise for future progress into the vast territory of the unknown.
Copyright Julia Jablonski, 1996
Bibliography
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Oxford University Press, The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, 1980, Oxford, England
Schwartz, Stephan A., "Editorial Essay: Creativity, Intuition, and Innovation, 1990, ISSSEEM, Vol.1, No. 2 abstracts, http://www.vitalenergy.com/issseem/vol1no2.html
Stone, Robert B., Ph.D., "Cells Caught in the Act of Communication," Monterey Institute for the Study of Alternative Healing Arts, http://www.whps.com/misaha/issue11.htm
Takionic Products, "Tachyon Field Theory," http://www.netoasis.com/health/biotech/tachyon.htm
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Townsend, Linda, "Energy Harmonization," 1996, http://infousa.com/member/lthealth/lthealth.htm
Walker, Barbara G., The Woman's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets, 1983, Harper and Row Publishers, San Francisco
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Copyright Julia Melges Jablonski, 1996
Psychophysics: A Wholistic Approach to Energy Healing
Copyright Julia Melges Jablonski, 1996
From the forthcoming book Capturing the Aura,
Edited by C. E. Lindgren. Nevada City, CA: Blue Dolphin Publication Co.
Introduction
References to a light or aura surrounding the human body can be found from the beginnings of recorded history throughout many cultures both Eastern and Western. Until recent times, perception of this light has been restricted to mystics, philosophers, sensitives and artists. Many who were unable to perceive this aura have doubted its existence.
Skepticism regarding auras has been centered mainly in the West. In the late 1800's there was great interest and research into life energy and the use of electrical and magnetic devices for healing in the United States. There was no standardization at this time, and some of these treatments may have been dangerous or harmful. In 1909, the U.S. government sponsored the Flexner Report with the aim of upgrading and standardizing medical care and education nationally. This report not only made electromagnetic healing treatments illegal, but it ruled that electromagnetic energy is in no way involved in physiology or medicine. Research in bio-energy came to be considered disreputable and preposterous. (Eidelman)
In Eastern and other cultures and sub-cultures, treatment of illness through the aura energy of the body is an ancient and continuing practice. Mystics and "seers" have traditionally held highly respected positions in these cultures as shamans, healers, and medicine people. Western academia, by contrast, has derided intuitive knowledge during the last century. Recent developments, however, negate the possibility of true objectivity in research and demand an integration of subjective experience and scientific methodology.
Research in the 20th century has led to the development of sensitive technology which has proven the existence of luminescent energy fields surrounding living organisms. Through technology we are now able to observe, measure and explain the energetic basis for auric healing. This chapter will aim to integrate the realms of science and spiritual belief in order to present an understanding of energy healing that relies not on faith but rather on knowledge both intuitive and intellectual.
Psychophysics: The Wave of the Future
In approaching the aura or electromagnetic human energy field from a scientific perspective, one must be prepared to expand on the traditional scientific approach in order to create a bridge between knowledge that has been established by traditional science and the core of knowledge shared between many metaphysical schools of thought.
The traditional focus of science on the mechanical processes involved in phenomena limits the scope of knowledge obtained to the physical or mechanical realm. While this approach has yielded a great deal of knowledge about the physical world, in order to adequately observe psi phenomena, or phenomena not explainable by known natural physical causes, one must expand the traditional mechanical model to include the non-physical dimension. Psi phenomena such as telekinesis, extra-sensory perception and spiritual healing contradict physical law by transcending space and time. It is no wonder that "scientists" often conclude that psi phenomenon do not exist. They are trying to study five-dimensional phenomena through a three-dimensional model (the fourth dimension being occupied by time).
Traditional science typically stands at the edge of the known world and tries to move into new territory with only the maps of the already-conquered territory to guide them. A concrete example of this is the well-known belief in Europe before discovery of the Americas that the world was flat, and that nothing existed beyond the ocean which they saw disappearing into the distance. This approach by scientists tends to blind them to the potential scope of the vast unknown territory ahead. Pioneers, on the other hand, tend to use a plane (or boat) to fly into the wilderness and then work their way back, and in the process they create the maps for the less daring to follow after them.
Some of the greatest thinkers and inventors in history were such pioneers, and they often faced the same sort of scorn from the "establishment" that researchers of psi phenomena face today. A study of people historically recognized for their creative and innovative work led to the development of a six-step model of the creative process based on the words of these individuals. In order to even begin such a creative and innovative process, the studied concluded that a person must possess a "capacity to see things without prejudice for the conventional." (Schwartz) That relatively few people possess such a capacity is the basis for the perceived chasm between "science" and "spiritual" understanding. While there is much work to be done in integrating these two spheres of thought, there is in actuality no true conflict between them.
What does this have to do with auras? Despite the skeptical reaction of many well-educated individuals to the existence of the aura, electromagnetic fields have been proven to exist around all living things. (Perhaps it is the educational process itself which teaches the "correct" approach to learning that in fact limits the ability of the well-educated to see beyond their prescribed window of perception). Hard data exist in abundance that illustrate the nature of life and all matter as empty space with patterns of energy running through it, and which also demonstrate the effects of the interactions of these subtle energy fields.
These studies have laid the foundation for a bridge between "science" and "spiritual or energy healing." Quantum theory extends current physical knowledge to provide us with models for understanding how psi phenomena may manifest, and is perhaps the best vehicle for crossing the unknown territory ahead. While quantum physics is a realm of theory rather than proven law, it provides us with working models that, so long as they encompass what is known and do not conflict with current understanding, provide valuable channels for establishing future foundations of knowledge and subsequently deeper exploration into the nature of life or consciousness. When we integrate "psychic" experience, scientific research and quantum theory, a model of energy healing and other psi phenomena can be developed that is harmonious, wholistic and enlightening.
The Cross-cultural History of Auras
References to the aura can be traced back to the very beginnings of civilization. In the West we are likely most familiar with the aura as a glowing light or halo surrounding the heads of Jesus, Mary and saints in religious art. The aura denoted spiritual energy long before it's depiction as halos in Christianity, however. Ancient Egyptian art is full of representations of the aura. Energy as the basis for life is at the core of Eastern religions; in China this energy is called "Chi," in India, it's referred to as "prana." In mystical Hindu writings one finds reference to the "thousand-petaled lotus of light" surrounding the head of those who achieved enlightenment. (Walker)
One finds numerous allusions to visions of light and to light as the source of life in literature as well. One of the earliest written examples comes from the writings of Hildegard von Bingen (1098 - 1179), who produced major visionary and theological writings over the course of her lifetime. She describes in her writings her visions of luminous objects, as well as other visionary experiences of light. She was a composer of music and some say the ethereal tone of her work is the foundation for what has come to be known as New Age music. (Lerman)
Centuries later, Lord Alfred Tennyson wrote of death as a diminishing of light and slowing of the "wheels of Being," which could be said to correspond to the chakras, the body's life energy vortexes referred to in Hindu religion.* Certainly light is cross-culturally held to be the essence of spirit or "God," as is reflected in language such as "divine light," the "light of the Holy Spirit" and "enlightenment." The Bible is full of light imagery. **
*Be near me when my light is low, When the blood creeps, and the nerves prick and tingle; and the heart is sick, And all the wheels of Being slow..." Lord Alfred Tennyson, In the Valley of Cauteretz, 1847
**Now it is high time to awake out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light." Corinthians 1, 11 "The Lord is the source of my light and my safety, so whom shall I fear?"Psalm 26:1
Scientific Research Supporting Life Energy Fields
Until recent times, conscious perception of these light energy fields was the province of clairvoyants, healers and "sensitives." With the development of ever more sensitive technology, however, we are now able to objectively measure these energy fields and interactions. That all living organisms are surrounded by electromagnetic fields is not disputed. The electrostatic field surrounding the human body can be easily measured by a static meter. These fields have been measured and even photographed in experiments with humans, animals and plants.
For example, EKG's measure the electrical impulses of the heart. EEG's measure the magnetic fields around our heads resulting from the tiny electrical currents in the brain. Polygraph tests measure the human body's electrical potential, and fluctuations in this energy provide feedback in response to the subject's thoughts and emotions. Kirlian photography captures the electromagnetic fields of living systems on film, and has proven that the conditions of these fields correspond to the life energy of the biosystems they emanate from.
Kirlian photography is able to transfer the aura of the subject to film by placing the subject of the photograph (such as a leaf or a human hand) directly on the film or photographic plate and passing high-frequency electrical currents through it. Kirlian photography has demonstrated that the auric energy emanating from plants and animals changes with alterations in the physical, mental and emotional states of the subject and its environment.
Semyon Kirlian, the developer of this photography, was asked in 1950 to photograph the energy radiations of two nearly identical leaves presented to him by a stranger. He and his wife stayed up late into the night, but despite their efforts one leaf revealed strong energy flares on film while the other barely registered even weak luminescence. When they showed their dismal results to the stranger the next day, he became very excited, for despite their identical appearance, the leaf that had revealed strong energy had been plucked from a healthy plant, and the leaf that had registered little energy had been plucked from a diseased plant. Subsequent Kirlian research has shown that the energy photographed around plants is indeed related to its vitality or life, for if a leaf is injured or allowed to die the energy will gradually diminish and then disappear. (Tompkins and Bird)
Kirlian photographic research of the human aura reveals energy fields surrounding people's physical bodies. Scientific research has further determined that this energy is concentrated in hundreds of points on the body that seem to correspond to Chinese acupuncture points. (Tompkins and Bird)
Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields:
Research into the energetic aura surrounding plants and humans has found that non-biological electromagnetic waves have strong impacts on the energy fields surrounding living organisms, and even that the electromagnetic fields of living organisms interact with and affect each other. All living beings are in constant communication, even down to the cellular level.
The following two experiments demonstrate the effects of non-biological electromagnetic radiation on the human energy field. NASA conducted a series of experiments in which physicists altered the electromagnetic energy content of a special "shielded" room while maintaining other variables such as gravitational force and oxygen content at constant levels. When the electromagnetic energy of the room was decreased, auric fields were observed to become randomly disorganized, scattered and incoherent. Subjects reported disorientation and burst into tears as though their very lives were threatened. When the electromagnetic energy of the room was increased beyond normal levels, the auric fields returned to normal patterns and lightened in color with increased white vibrations. Subjects reported clear thinking and an expansion of their consciousness. (Free)
Other studies of the effects of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by high-voltage power lines in North America reveal links between long-term exposure and cancer. For example, New York telephone cable splicers exhibited 165% more leukemia, 100% more brain cancer and 145% more prostate cancer than control subjects. Los Angeles children with cancer were twice as likely to live in houses near high power lines as controls. In Sweden, children living near high voltage lines exhibited 120% more leukemia, 120% more lymphoma and 420% more tumors of the nervous system than children not living near power lines. (Maxey)
Interaction of the electromagnetic energy of living organisms has been explored extensively and yielded some surprising results. Cleve Backster conducted experiments in which he removed oral white blood cells from a subject and then removed the cells from the subject's physical presence by a distance of a half-mile. The subject was then asked to watch television while the television was monitored for content and the cells were monitored for electrical potential. Interviews with the subject show correlations between periods of emotional arousal in the subject during the television viewing and the electrical activity of the cells. (Stone)
Backster subsequently experimented with his own cells, and found that he could cause them to react electrically to his thoughts. Sending them love resulted in a spike in electromagnetic energy, and the decision to use an antiseptic breath freshener (which would kill other cells in his mouth) produced an intense reaction in the cells. This apparent ability of living human cells to read a person's mind mirrors Backster's extensive previous experimentation that demonstrated that plants respond to people's thoughts, feelings, and especially their intentions. (Stone)
Not only do the energy fields of people and plants effect each other, but highly sophisticated measurements reveal that the tiniest change in any system in the body affects all other systems of the body in some manner. (Bentov) How is it that these systems impact each other? The answer to this also provides a mechanism behind psi phenomena such as extrasensory perception, telepathy, and energy healing.
Everything, everyone, every action, every thought, every feeling--ALL is energy. Physicists have established that all life, indeed all matter, is empty space with matrices of oscillating fields of energy running through it, and that these waves of energy radiate out at the velocity of light into the farthest reaches of the cosmos and interact with all the other radiating waves.
The more researchers magnify and study the nature of matter, the more apparent it becomes that matter is not solid, but rather is empty space and moving energy. The very fibers of our physical bodies are mainly empty space!
If we take a section of muscle from our leg and magnify it we'll discover the muscle is composed of very ordered fibers. If we magnify the fibers we find long fibers made of organized, coiled long molecules. These molecules, magnified, reveal a highly ordered, essentially crystalline material. This material magnified dissolves into atoms clustered in groups, vibrating rapidly and rhythmically. Suppose we are able to magnify the atoms. At first we perceive indistinct balls pulsating about fixed molecular points. As we magnify further, we see less and less. The electron shell dissolves under magnification to reveal a vacuum. An infinitesimal speck located in the relatively vast space of the atom suggests the nucleus. On a scale where the nucleus is 1mm, the radius of the electron orbit would be approximately 10 meters, the ratio being 1 to 10,000. The intervening space is a vacuum. Imagine magnifying the nucleus, which dissolves from a shadowy pulsation to reveal more vacuum, or empty space, etc... (Bentov)
The microreality reveals that "solid" matter is in essence empty space filled with pulsating fields of energy. These fields interlock with neighboring fields as their waves radiate out into the cosmos. By our bodies' very nature as transmitters of energy, they are also receivers, as is true of man-made transmitters and receivers. In this way life is constantly in communication and interacting with everything else in the universe on subtle or generally imperceptible levels. This common basis of all things as interconnected energy is reminiscent of the "Oneness" of existence central to many spiritual philosophies.
The Underlying Mechanism in Energy Healing: Thoughts are Energy
The nervous system of the body is a conductor of electrical impulses that order our bodies' biological rhythms from breath, heart beat, and movement to the functioning of our immune system and beyond. As science has well established, all electric currents radiate electromagnetic fields.
Physical, observable phenomenon such as the gross bodily functions are composed of energy and this is also true of thoughts and emotions; they just don't share the same range of frequencies. Thought is simply energy that causes the neurons in the brain to fire in a certain pattern. This produces currents in the brain that can be measured through electrodes on the skull. We know that no energy is lost in a closed system, so if this energy can be measured outside of the head, it means that the thought energy radiated out as electromagnetic waves at the velocity of light into the environment and eventually the cosmos. (Bentov)
Just as light energy can be focused in a laser, thought energy can be focused to a target. Unfocused light energy simply spreads out in waves, much like the soft light given off by a lamp, but focusing light with a laser sends the light out in even, coherent waves that can be directed in a narrow beam over large distances. Consider thought energy as a force affecting the surface of water. If we drop a stone in water it radiates out in ever-weakening ripples or waves, but by pushing the water forcefully with a hand we can manipulate the flow. It is within the electromagnetic spectrum and perhaps even subtler levels that the energy that is our thoughts or feelings can affect other fields of energy such as those of the body. Conscious awareness and manipulation of this subtle energy is the basis for energy healing.
Thought Energy: Brain v. Mind
You may well be wondering if the body and brain are just conductors of energy, then where does thought originate? Where do these pebbles come from anyway?
Clearly, consciousness is separate from the physical body and the physical brain.
Our language is rich with the understanding of the nature of mind as separate from the physical. Phrases such as "pass out," "out of your mind," "out of touch," and "light out" (to depart suddenly) reflect at least a subconscious understanding that it is possible to be separate from your brain or body. For example, if one is "knocked out" (literally, knocked out of the body) then the body will continue to function, its heart will beat, it will breathe, the blood will circulate, etc... The consciousness can be experiencing nothing or experiencing "realities" or "dreams" that in no way involve the physical body. Many models of consciousness portray the body as the subconscious, the mind as the conscious, and the soul or spirit as beyond these.
In dreams a car is often a symbol for our bodies. A driver can get out of a car and leave it running, but in order for it to move in a purposeful manner, a higher consciousness (the driver) is needed. The driver is the mind and the source of thought. As this driver, or the mind, exists independent of the physical body, it may be said to correlate to ideas of a "soul" or "spirit." The source of the soul is believed spiritually by many to be "God," or the ultimate creative force of the universe. As science is now validating metaphysical beliefs regarding auric life energy, perhaps one day we will be also able to somehow observe and measure "God." For now the origins of the mind are beyond the scope of intellectual knowledge.
Extra-Sensory-Perception: The Product of Extra-Sensitive Nervous Systems
Fascinating work with plants reveals much about the interaction of subtle energy between living systems. Of particular interest are findings related to the subjective interference of experimenters and discrepancies in results achieved by different observers.
By hooking plants up to polygraph equipment (and later EKG and EEG equipment), Cleve Backster and other researchers discovered that not only do plants respond to experiences in their environment, but they respond most intensely to the intentions of people in their environment. In other words, they seem to be able to pick up on people's thoughts. The strongest readings obtained were in reaction to the destruction of living cells, whether they were plant, animal or human cells. The death or threat of death to living cells caused intense electromagnetic reactions by the plants.
While many of the amazing results of experiments with plant energy fields have been reproduced over and over, the sum of the experiments has revealed that some people are better able to affect and monitor the energy reactions of the plants. This may be because the energy of some individuals interacts more powerfully with the experiment (such as is suggested in experiments that show that the expectation of the observer influences the outcome). It is likely, however, that sensitive people are better able to attune themselves and establish "communication" or energy interaction with plants. (Tompkins and Bird)
One plant energy researcher, Marcel Vogel, emphasizes the ability to approach experimentation with an open mind unbound by preconceptions as the key to being able to produce phenomenon. He experimented with children and had them try to connect with a plant's energy. Having established this connection, he had them gently move their hand back and forth over the leaves. Eventually, the plants would begin to oscillate or sway with the movement of the child's hand, despite there being no physical contact between the child and the plant. These experiments have proven to be much more successful with children than with adults, and Vogel speculates this is because children have no preconceptions and are able to establish empathy with the plant in a way adults in Western culture would likely find ridiculous. (Tompkins and Bird)
He also asserts that altering his state of consciousness was necessary to fully connect with the energy fields he was studying. The value of altered states of consciousness in perceiving beyond the normal human range is one theme shared historically by many spiritual schools of thought.
Altered States of Consciousness and Extrasensory Perception
If everything is empty space with patterns of energy running through it, then it is these patterns, or the wavelengths or vibrations of these patterns that determine whether something is a car, a person, a thought, etc... Differences in these frequencies determine the exact form of the field in its every detail. There is a range of vibrations that compose ordinary human consciousness and manifestation on the physical plane. For example, our eyes perceive light frequencies between red and violet. We know that infrared and ultraviolet rays exist but they are beyond our visible range of perception. Our ears perceive sound waves between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Dogs can hear pitches that are higher. Just because people can't hear it doesn't mean the sound doesn't exist. We can't perceive x-rays or microwaves with our senses, but have developed technology that is more sensitive than our physical senses that can measure these waves. Vibrations existing outside of the of the range of the five human physical senses normally escape our conscious perception.
Clairvoyants and healers either come programmed with an expanded range of perception, or can alter the state or frequency of their of consciousness in order to perceive energy vibrations outside of the normal human range. Higher frequencies and forms are invisible to most humans because these higher frequencies are beyond our perception. (Bentov) Through altered states of consciousness one can expand the range of their perception to perceive these higher frequencies.
In Stalking the Wild Pendulum, Itzhak Bentov created a strong metaphor to demonstrate the relationship of altered states of consciousness to "extra-sensory perception." He compares consciousness to listening to a radio. When listening to a radio, the closest station broadcasting on a certain frequency is the one we hear, but there are many stations broadcasting on that frequency that we don't hear because of the noise of the one broadcasting that is closest to us. If we can selectively turn down the volume of that local station (or our physical consciousness), and turn up the volume of other stations we can perceive broadcasts that generally go unnoticed.
People with exceptional hearing (sensitives) may pick up the signals from the weaker stations despite the noise of the local one, but anyone who turns down that loud station should be able to perceive these signals as well. This is how one can develop "psychic abilities" through meditation, or learning how to quiet the consciousness. It is interesting to note that many "normal" people report paranormal experiences through dreams or during sleep-states, for at these times one's consciousness is naturally more quiet than during waking hours. (Bentov)
Recall the analogy of thought to the movement of water, where dropping a pebble in the water produces waves that spread out and diminish in all directions, but pushing the water with one's hand allows one to direct the flow. Well, if the surface of the water is choppy and full of waves because it's constantly being bombarded with thought-boulders, it is unlikely that we'll notice the ripples of pebbles. By calming the surface of the water (quieting the consciousness) we can perceive the finer ripples or waves.
The fine line between Genius and Madness
When I first began consciously perceiving things (such as auras) that other people apparently weren't, I worried that I was going insane. I subsequently explored these events further and discovered that many people shared my experiences. As I had had no knowledge of these matters at the time I came to believe that what I had experienced was "real," and not manufactured through distortion of perceptions due to a malfunctioning brain.
It then occurred to me that perhaps the many people in mental institutions who see or hear things that "aren't there," are in fact simply perceiving energy beyond the normal human range of perception. I have since encountered this theory numerous times. What would separate these individuals from "psychics" is an inability to recognize that their experiences are extraordinary. The result is that they think everyone else is strange because they don't share their perceptions. In this scenario one might say that the "schizophrenic" was not trying to actively quiet his or her consciousness, or that local station, but in fact was perceiving an undifferentiated mixture of signals from several stations including the local one.
Healers: Receivers, Transmitters and Directors of Energy
Experiments have demonstrated that not only are those who are adept at quieting their consciousness better receivers of information via electromagnetic waves, but they are also better generators or channels of this energy.
A study of electrostatic charge on electrically-isolated meditators revealed that exceptional meditators can produce large surges in bodily electrostatic energy. The experiment compared 10 average meditators with 9 "'exceptional'" meditators (healers) in a Copper Wall Lab designed to electrically isolate the subjects from the ground. To detect electrostatic potential each meditator's body and the walls were "floated" on single-ended electrometer inputs. In 45 minute sessions, no body-potential surges reached 4 volts in the regular meditators, but in sessions with the healers surges ranged from 4 volts to 221 volts (with a median of 8.3 volts). When measuring the body-potential surges of the healers during a healing session, surges were recorded ranging from 4 volts to 190 volts. At the high end of this spectrum the surges are 105 times greater than EKG voltages and 106 times larger than EEG voltages, a phenomenon that can not be accounted for by any presently known biological processes. (Green)
A person adept at altering their state of consciousness can learn how to consciously receive and interpret energy or information from other living systems, to generate powerful energy surges themselves, and to direct the flow of this energy. These skills are the foundation of energy healing, or healing through the aura.
Disease and Healing: Harmonizing Energy for Health
The tiniest disturbance in one energy field disturbs the others around it, and in turn these spread out to ultimately the farthest reaches of the cosmos. Whenever a disturbance in these fields drives the fields out of harmonious rhythm, this discordant pattern of energy radiates outward and in turn disturbs the surrounding fields it encounters. Once this original discordant energy is re-balanced or harmonized, all of the energy effected by the original disturbance will return to order. At the same time, if one introduces strong harmonizing energy to a matrix of discordant energy fields, this harmonizing energy may "entrain" the discordant elements of the system, or bring them into order and harmony. (Bentov) When discordant energy is introduced to the human energy system, the unbalancing may produce disease. By introducing strong harmonizing energy to a discordant or "dis-eased" system, one can bring the system back into balance, or "heal" it.
Every organ, tissue and cell of a living being has its own unique frequency: measurement of its energy indicates a consistent vibration or resonance. Cells are essentially organic electromagnetic transceivers that emit and absorb high-frequency waves. Extensive research has indeed shown that disruptions or imbalances in these frequencies correlate with disease, infection and injury. (Townsend)
As early as 1925 Georges Lakhovsky published a study that supported his theory that disease is the result of imbalance in cellular frequencies, or a "war of radiations" between the frequencies of the body's cells and those of bacteria, viruses or pathogens. If the energy of the pathogens is stronger than the frequencies of the healthy cells it is thrown off and the discordance produces disease. If they are unable to rebalance themselves, the cells die. If, however, the harmonious frequencies of the healthy cells are stronger, the microbes are killed and health is restored. (Tompkins and Bird)
More recently, Royal Rife isolated what is believed to be the cancer microbe, and under a special microscope that allows full color spectrum viewing without harm to the subject, he found that this cancer microbe radiated a magenta-colored frequency. He also determined other frequencies that would kill this microbe and many other harmful microbes. Many people who volunteered themselves in his research were completely cured of cancer and other diseases. (Townsend)
Several alternative treatments directly aim to alter or balance electrical currents in the body through technology. Transcranial eletrotherapy is used to treat alcoholism, drug addiction, stress and pain. It's aim is to stabilize the neuroelectric environment by applying electrical currents through the skin. An electroacuscope measures and corrects areas of altered electrical activity in the body. In disease or an injury, the movement of ions between cells is blocked, causing detectable physical changes on the body. By restoring electrical balance to the body, medical doctors have used these devices to successfully treat pain, injury and disease. (Janiger and Goldberg)
As above, so below
Another avenue for healing through energy involves affecting the frequencies of the non-physical body or bodies, or the energy field surrounding the body. Clairvoyants and mystics maintain that the human body is the physical core of several layers of non-physical bodies, which correspond to successively higher frequencies of non-physical life. The first layer beyond the physical is usually called the etheric or the astral body, and it is this body that is said to be a template or pre-form for the physical body. Because it is a template of the ideal physical, when a limb is amputated sensitives claim that the missing limb will continue to show up on the astral level. This phenomenon has been photographed through Kirlian photography on a plant, which shows the energetic outline of a whole leaf despite part of the leaf having been cut away.
This widely held spiritual belief that manifestation begins in the non-physical dimension and then manifests in the physical is supported by other research as well. Marcel Vogel discovered in microscopic research of magnified liquid crystal that through an "inner vision" or non-physical perception he was able to perceive activity not usually revealed in the microscopic field. He then developed methods of bringing these phenomena into the range of visual perception. He concluded from this research that crystals manifest from "pre-forms, or ghost images of pure energy which anticipate the solids." (Tompkins and Bird)
If manifestation begins in the non-physical planes, then if one can affect the non-physical energy or "pre-form" one can influence the physical manifestation. Here is one probable mechanism underlying psycho-somatic illness and energy or spiritual healing.
Beyond Theory: Energy Healing Works!
"Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring forth speedily." Bible, Isaiah, 8
Many studies have been conducted that have resulted in verification of the power of healing energy. In fact, in researching this phenomenon, I was struck by how many universities have special elaborate facilities for conducting such research. These experiments rule out the power of suggestion and placebo affects by objectively measuring various aspects of the electromagnetic fields in healing situations. Kirlian observation of healing sessions has revealed that the observable energy of healers is smaller after a healing session, while the patient's energy is enhanced, indicating a transfer of energy. (Tompkins and Bird)
One experiment by Daniel P. Wirth, M.S., J.D., demonstrated that subjects who received five minutes of exposure to a Non-contact Therapeutic Touch Practioner experienced a significant acceleration in the rate of healing of identical wounds as compared with control subjects who either received no such exposure or exposure to a "fake" healer. (Wirth)
A thirteen years long series of experiments demonstrated the human ability to mentally influence biological systems regardless of distance or isolation of the subjects from all conventional and energetic influences. Many controls were implemented to rule out error or extraneous influences. Through intention, focused attention and visualization of desired outcomes, subjects were able to influence another person's "electrodermal activity, blood pressure, and muscular activity; the spatial orientation of fish; the locomotor activity of small mammals; and the rate of hemolysis of human red blood cells." The experiments have been considered laboratory analogs of mental healing. (Braud and Schlitz)
In an experiment by Dr. Valorie Hunt and colleagues at UCLA in which a sensitive or clairvoyant relayed her observations of the color, size, and energy movements of the chakras and auras of a healer and patient, it was found that the measured and mathematically analyzed energy patterns of the healer and patient corresponded to the auric colors observed by the psychics. The location of the colors and time of occurrence also corresponded with the quantitative data. Seven other aura readers achieved similar results. (Alvino) At last the observations of technology are approaching the depth of those of mystics throughout history!
Tachyon energy, the Creative Force of the Universe
While study of the electromagnetic interaction of all life may seem revolutionary, quantum physics has gone even farther. Experiments showing the reaction of plants to mental influences suggest that there are forces beyond the electromagnetic spectrum responsible for the interactions, for plants responded even when placed in a Faraday cage which blocked penetration of electromagnetic waves. (Tompkins and Bird) Quantum physicists speculate that the force beyond the electromagnetic is something that has been given the name "Tachyon energy."
Tachyons are the theoretical source of subatomic particles, and the expansion of the tachyon field is speculated to be the creative force of the universe. Tachyon theory explains the instantaneous nature of psi phenomenon, which transcend Einstein's relativity theory that restricted the movement of energy in the universe to the speed of light. Tachyon theory postulates that there are actually two universes involved in creation: the visible, sub-light speed universe we are conscious of and an invisible, faster-than-light universe. This Tachyon energy is omnipresent, or exists holographically simultaneously everywhere because it travels faster than light, and hence takes no time to travel through space. (Takionic Products)
Tachyon energy is speculated to be the creative and sustaining force of all life, which requires a certain balance of energy to sustain itself. When a life form requires life energy, a vacuum is created and tachyon energy rushes in. The nervous system is viewed as a conductor for the absorption and processing of this energy. Energy healers are perhaps simply individuals whose sensitive or developed nervous systems make them more adept at manipulating or processing this energy. (Takionic Products) If tachyon energy is indeed the life force, then it is this force which may correspond to the vital energy of life called variously Chi or Qi by the people of China; bioplasma by Russian researchers; animal magnetism by Franz Mesmer, the father of hypnotism; orgone by Dr. Wilhelm Reich and the Force by Master Yoda and his disciples. Electromagnetic fields may prove to be merely the language through which this energy manifests and communicates.
While tachyon theory is at the frontier of physical research, there is now adequate knowledge regarding electromagnetic field interaction to explain energy healing. Tachyon energy is mentioned because there is always another layer of the onion to explore. I often visualize the galaxy from the outside the way humans may visualize a cell. Perhaps the planets are in some way similar to electrons orbiting an atomic nucleus (the sun). At the same time, the galaxy may be but an infinitesimal particle of say, a blade of grass of a larger system, which may itself be but a tiny particle of another system, etc... If the macrocosm (from our perspective) mirrors the microcosm, then the microcosm in turn reflects the macrocosm. At the level of atomic particles there may exist many levels of energy and life too small for us to perceive. A proton may be an entire "world" filled with lifeforms similar to the world of the earth.
Conclusion:
Recent technological developments have at last intellectually confirmed the ancient metaphysical knowledge that life is essentially energy and that this life energy is observable in the auras emitted by all living organisms. Scientific research into the nature this energy and the interactions between electromagnetic fields has produced results that mirror the observations and views of "sensitives" and healers. This research has provided evidence not only of the existence of the aura, but also of the mechanisms behind and power of auric healing.
Perhaps future research into the nature of life and consciousness will also benefit from serious contemplation of esoteric knowledge and the incorporation of spiritual philosophy in scientific exploration. With the recent observations that "objective research" is oxymoronic, given that the mind of the observer affects the results of the experiment, clearly the line between scientific methodology and subjective perspective has collapsed. Open-mindedness, or the ability to approach the unknown without prejudice for conventional thought has led to the greatest innovations in history, and continues to hold the most promise for future progress into the vast territory of the unknown.
Copyright Julia Jablonski, 1996
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Copyright Julia Melges Jablonski, 1996