Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation
This is not an endorsement for this medical treatment; see your own physician for any medical problems.
UV Blood Irradiation - educational purposes only, not medical advice.
UBI--Irradiating Blood For Infections
Application of Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation for Treatment of HIV and Other Blood borne Viruses
by Dr. Carl SchleicherFoundation for Blood Irradiation Note:Dr. Schleicher died in 1999
Abstract
This paper describes an innovative method of inactivating blood-borne viruses using ultraviolet blood irradiation called UBI therapy. This process has shown impressive clinical results in treating hepatitis, HIV, and other currently untreatable viruses. The background, theory, and method of using UBI therapy is presented in this paper. This method offers a potential break-through in the treatment of viral diseases and bacteria, and is nontoxic, uses no drugs, and even has FDA certification, and thus is available now for use.
Ultraviolet blood irradiation first evolved in the early 1930s as a means to treat persons afflicted with the poliovirus which was causing considerable anguish and fear similar to the advent of the HIV in the 1980s and continuing. Then in the 1950s the Salk vaccine wiped out polio in the U.S. and, as a result of this fact and other reasons, this process fell in disuse until recent years. This process has now been resurrected by the Foundation for Blood Irradiation (FFBI) which had been originally founded in the 1940s by the developers of this process, most of whom are now deceased, who left this to the next generation of researchers to continue. Much credit for the early development of this technology goes to E.K. Knott of Seattle, Washington; Louis Ripley of Danbury, Connecticut; and Dr. T. Lewis of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
How it works
Ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy (UBIT), or intravenous ultraviolet, raises the resistance of the host and is therefore able to control many disease processes. A fundamental effect of ultraviolet blood irradiation is to "energize" the biochemical and physiological defenses of the body by the introduction of ultraviolet energy into the bloodstream that may, in part, be effective by producing small amounts of ozone from the oxygen circulating in the blood. The efficacy of this method is attested to by the remarkable and consistent recovery of patients with a wide variety of diseases, apparently unrelated etiologically. In addition, it may be stated that UBI has never caused any adverse side effects nor has it ever worsened any disease in any patient, regardless of age group, race or sex and regardless of the number of blood irradiation treatments administered. Furthermore, there have not been any complications related to UBIT during long-term follow-up. An average of 3.28 treatments per patient were administered in this series. Laboratory studies were employed to confirm clinical improvement, which occurred on an average of 19.2 days after institution of blood irradiation therapy. Sixty percent of the patients were considered clinically recovered and able to return to their occupation in two weeks or less.
The older UBIT units have been updated and are now available and FDA certified for use in the U.S. These units are being further evaluated for improvements; this is being carried out under a CRADA (Cooperative Research and Development Agreement) with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories of Berkeley, California. Steps are now being taken to arrange research protocols at several major university medical research centers on both the East and West coasts of the U.S. Focus will be on treatment of HIV, hepatitis, malaria, and those viruses immune to current antibiotics.
Russia
Researchers in Russia have used this process to treat HIV with impressive results. A copy of this report will be sent to those who request it for the cost of photocopying. This report provides specific details, clinical results, and improvements noted in the HIV-infected patients in terms of CD4 T cells, leucocytes, etc.
With respect to treating HIV-positive persons, our clinicians also administer the following natural products: ESSIAC, VENUREX (formerly Carnivora), and a Czechoslovak produced product called Imuregen. Each of these are being evaluated at NCI and NIAID per agreements we hold there.
UBI in the US
Ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy (UBIT) is currently FDA approved (and the treatment of choice) for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (Taylor & Gasparro, 1992). Using a technique based on extensive historical experience with PUVA therapy in dermatology, Edelson and his group at Yale have developed a sophisticated UBIT method involving pretreatment with psolaren, extracorporeal eukopheresis, UV-A irradiation of the white blood cell fraction, and reinfusion (Edelson,1987). This process has been given the name "photopheresis."
Photopheresis is currently undergoing clinical trials at centers around the country for the treatment of systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis,rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosis, myasthenia gravis, graft versus host disease, pemphigus vulgaris, and HIV associated disease (Edelson, 1991; Bisaccia et al. 1990).
The major drawbacks to photopheresis are that the technique is cumbersome and costly; a single treatment occupies patient and skilled technician for upwards of five hours. Historically, the Knott technique of UBIT (Knott, 1948) was applied extensively and with excellent results during the 1930s, 40s, and 50s for the treatment of a wide variety of conditions. There are published reports on its use in bacterial diseases, including septicemias, pneumonias, peritonitis, wound infections; viral infections including acute and chronic hepatitis, atypical pneumonias, poliomyelitis, encephalitis, mumps, measles, mononucleosis, and herpes; circulatory conditions including thrombophlebitis, peripheral vascular arterial disease, and diabetic ulcer; overwhelming toxemias, non-healing wounds and delayed union of fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, and a number of others (Barger & Knott, 1950).
Schwartz and his colleagues in Chicago concluded a critical examination of the Knott technique (Schwartz et al. 1952) by saying "a longer and more extensive program of study is warranted before in vivo blood irradiation of blood can be finally either accepted or rejected." However, before such further examination could be undertaken, several other factors intervened. Principal among these was the development of antibiotics whose early successes made it appear that soon all infectious diseases would be conquered by chemistry. In addition, however, after World War II, there had been great interest in the possibilities of employing UV light to sterilize blood and blood products for transfusion (Oliphant & Hollaender, 1946; Wolf et al. 1947; Blanchard et al. 1948). When this effort failed after premature approval in 1949 and subsequent commercialization, the whole field of ultraviolet blood irradiation was quickly forgotten (Murray et al. 1955).
UBIT virtually disappeared from the early 1980s when the Soviets began referring to the published work of Knott and his colleagues. In the current listings of world medical literature at the National Library of Medicine on UBIT (excluding photopheresis) there are over 100 articles, and all of these are in the Soviet literature. Like Knott, it appears that the Soviets have applied UBIT to a wide variety of conditions, but only over the past two decades (Arutiunov, 1988). We propose to reexamine the Knott technique with the advantage of vastly improved technical and medical tools. Viral illnesses, given their comparative resistance to chemotherapeutic control, have emerged over the past several decades as a major challenge for medicine. In addition, immune system dysfunctions are increasingly recognized as playing a major "host factor" role in many disease processes, including cancer. Given the range of potential applications of UBIT, a program of study is warranted.
Rationale
There are many effects of ultraviolet light on blood components that may be involved in clinical effectiveness. The interaction of various wave lengths of ultraviolet with living tissues is complex and constitutes an entire area of specialization for photobiologists (Coohill, 1991).
Applications of ultraviolet light are numerous in medical dermatology (Morison, 1991). In particular, regimens employing UV-A (known as PUVA when combined with the photosensitizing agents known as psoralens) and UV-B (Anderson, 1984; Van Weelden et al. 1990) have been widely used in the treatment of psoriasis and related skin eruptions. It was on the basis of this long experience with PUVA therapy in humans that Edelson developed photopheresis (Edelson, 1987).
In hematology, immunology, and blood banking, there is a long tradition of exploring the possibilities of ultraviolet to produce beneficial changes in blood components. UV has long been known to inactivate viruses while preserving their ability to be used as antigens in the preparation of vaccines (Levinson, 1945). The mechanism proposed being that the viral genome is more UV-damage sensitive than viral surface antigens. Thus, the virus can be killed by damage to its nucleic acids while, at the same time, leaving antigenic surface components (proteins, glycoproteins, and/or fatty acids) relatively intact. In recent times, UV has been found to be a useful tool in the preventive treatment of platelet-concentrate infusion-induced alloimmunization reactions (Sherman et al. 1991; Pamphilon & Blundell, 1992), and for the prevention of graft-versus-host reactions in transplantation (Leitman, 1989; Kapoor et al. 1992). Here the principal mechanism is thought to be the sensitivity of lymphocytes (that typically contaminate platelet concentrates and carry the HLA antigens responsible for the reactions) to UV inactivation compared to the relative insensitivity of the platelets (which lack nuclear material).
Since the advent of the AIDS epidemic, the blood banking industry has been undergoing a revolution of increased sophistication. With the vastly increased demand for guaranteed safety of blood products, many methods of sterilization have been examined intensively (Horowitz, 1987; Fratantoni & Prodouz, 1990). Among these, ultraviolet inactivation of viruses contaminating blood and blood products has been studied (Fratantoni & Prodouz, 1990). It is clear that with either PUVA or UV-B, most viruses are quite UV-sensitive (Hanson, 1992). Current expert opinion, however, is that viral inactivation sufficient for the purposes of the blood banking industry (six or more logs of killing) is not feasible without intolerable levels of damage to formed elements in the blood (Fratantoni, 1992; Dodd, 1992). (Note: in 2001 the Helinx blood purification box was introduced, the device disables any DNA molecules contaminating donated blood.)
Meanwhile, there has been intensive examination of the mechanisms of action of photopheresis by Dr. Edelson, his colleagues, and others (Edelson, 1989). The original inspiration for photopheresis was the work of Dr. Cohen and his colleagues in Israel who demonstrated in animals that selective damage to lymphocytes could "immunize" animals to the development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (Ben-Nun et al. 1981; Holoshitz et al. 1983). The use of psoralen with UV-A to treat blood outside the body was developed by Dr. Edelson as an improved method of delivering just such selective damage to human lymphocytes. Thus, lymphocyte damage remains the core mechanism invoked to explain the clinical effectiveness of photopheresis. Following reinfusion, the damaged cells appear to provoke a response from the immune system that is therapeutic ­p; the exact details of which probably depending on the nature of the conditions being treated. Numerous other effects of "extracorporeal PUVA" have been observed. Among these are mutations, inhibition of DNA synthesis, changes in gene expression of various sorts, increased intracellular Ca+2, the elaboration of cytokines IL1, IL6, and TNF, effects on prostaglandins, and a variety of cell surface changes (Taylor & Gasparro, 1992; Andreu et al. 1992).
Reviewing the early work by Knott and his colleagues, one of the most striking findings was the rapidity with which cyanosis was cleared in hypoxic patients following reinfusion of irradiated blood (Knott, 1948). Miley and his colleagues at Hahnemann, looked at oxygenation in subjects following reinfusion and showed significant increases in average values at 10 and 30 minutes (and even 30 or more days) after reinfusion (Miley, 1939). There are no reports of measurements of oxygen potential of the blood prior to reinfusion pre and post irradiation, however, and we are left to presume that the dramatic observed increases in oxygenation were due to some unexplained effect of the irradiated blood following reinfusion. There was speculation at the time that this might be associated with the vasodilation that was observed clinically in approximately 75% of treated cases and which appeared to persist for days and sometimes months. Attempts to identify mechanisms for this effect would appear to be a fruitful avenue of research for Phase II. To that end, in Phase I, we will include in our TNF studies, blood gas determinations by contemporary methods pre and post irradiation.
Before the first attempted human trial in 1928, Knott had determined that red blood cells are very UV-hardy. A decade later, however, when Knott studied the increased opsonic index of irradiated polymorphonuclear cells (PNCs), he found that there was a narrow therapeutic window for this effect ­p; "The time of exposure from the point of peak PNC stimulation to the point of overexposure and PNC destruction is a matter of only a few seconds." (Barger, 1944) On the basis of these findings, Knott defined the strict treatment parameters that he insisted upon subsequently in an attempt to stay within the therapeutic window he had found. Replication of these findings with UV dosimetric determinations would be another fruitful avenue of research for Phase II.
Knott Hemoirradiator Process
The Knott Hemoirradiator consists of a metal cabinet on rollers that houses the power supply and pump mechanism for the water-cooled Burdick UV lamp mounted on top of the machine. Blood is first collected by conventional venipuncture into a citrated bottle. It is then routed through a peristaltic pump mounted on the top of the instrument, through the irradiation chamber, and back to the patient. There is a simple panel on the front housing controls for the lamp voltage and the pump speed. This is illustrated in Figure I.
There are a number of features of the Knott instrument that distinguish it from the photopheresis equipment currently being used clinically for UBIT. Perhaps the most important difference is that the UV source in the Knott device is a high-intensity quartz-mercury lamp with considerable UV-B output (reported) as opposed to a relatively low-intensity fluorescent UV-A, visible, and some IR remain comparatively poorly studied.
A special feature of the Knott instrument is that the blood flow-rates reported for its use clinically were approximately 0.5 ml/sec. This means that treatment sessions with the Knott device of around 250 ml of blood were completed in under an hour compared with the up to 5 hours needed for modern photopheresis. Exposure times of the blood to the UV were thus substantially less than with photopheresis. Actual UV doses delivered remain to be determined.
A third distinguishing feature of the Knott device is that it was used clinically with whole blood. There was no processing of the blood prior to UV exposure to separate out various blood components for irradiation. The rationale for removing the bulk of the red blood cells prior to irradiation in photopheresis is to reduce the UV-shielding effects of the strongly UV-absorbing hemoglobin pigments. What effects will be observed with irradiation of whole blood remain to be studied.
A fourth feature is the irradiation chamber. This is a 5 cm diameter, 1 cm deep chamber with a number of baffles in it so as to create turbulence in the blood flowing through it and expose it on one side to the UV light. By comparison, the currently employed, patented Therakos photopheresis "cassette" is a flat plastic container approximately 12 X 20 cm square in which the leukocyte enriched blood in this turbulent state is largely unknown. We can speculate, however, that given the ultraviolet opacity of whole blood, cells will be exposed to potentially effective doses of UV for at most 10% of their time transiting through the irradiation cell. The effects of this brief and intermittent exposure are unclear.
The Foundation for Blood Irradiation is now conducting training sessions on ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy and can make these devices available to those who may have an interest in using them. In summation, this process represents a low cost, nontoxic, pain free way to treat a variety of viral and bacterial diseases. The key advantage is the low cost in doing so which could result in considerable savings to the health industry. Future plans are in the works to apply this process to other currently untreatable conditions, including Alzheimer's, sickle cell anemia, and E. coli bacteria. Those who may have an interest in working with the Foundation for Blood Irradiation in these areas are requested to contact us.
Clinical Results of Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation in Treating
HIV-Positive Persons These results were obtained by using the PCR Diagnostic test (Polymerase Change Reaction) which accurately determines change in viral activity. These tests were done in April-June 1995 at a private clinic using our ultraviolet blood device provided by the Foundation for Blood Irradiation of Silver Spring, Maryland.
Patient Dates of Treatment PCR Viral Activity
J.K. 5/8/95 654
5/18/95 340
D.G. 4/6/95 8900
4/27/95 1395
Note: Each treatment of UBI reduced PCR by 50%-75%. This is considered a very significant reduction.
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A review from the Eclectic Medicine International (EMI) staff at http://www.holisticcancersolutions.com/
"The history of Ultraviolet treatments, or Photoluminescence Therapy, reaches back at least as far as the clinical use of medical ozone. The treatment is similar to major autohemo-therapy; blood is taken from one arm, it is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, then led back through the other arm. The two treatment modalities are close relatives; there are many similarities between them. However, there is one major difference: U.B.I. has been approved by the FDA, and medical doctors in the USA are free to use it. This fact in itself brings up some very disturbing questions. As you will see in this report, U.B.I., an entirely harmless, benign, and painless procedure, has already been proven very effective decades ago in reversing and completely eliminating viral infections that today are regarded as irreversible, and are treated with dangerous and expensive drugs.
Being informed about this treatment may one day save your life, so let us take a closer look at U.B.I.
Despite the fact that this modality is very little known in North America, it is not one of those obscure experimental methods that are practiced in the basements of some private clinics. Quite the opposite! U.B.I. has been used in mainstream medical practice in the United States from as far back as 1935. In Europe, particularly in the former Soviet Union, millions of patients were treated successfully with blood irradiation. One of the reasons for the interest in this therapy in the USSR was that it is a very inexpensive, yet effective procedure. Why didn't it become a major tool against viral diseases in the hands of US medical doctors?
In 1998 we have received a report from an M.D. in Ohio, who has just finished a large clinical study with 32 Hepatitis C patients. He reversed all of them with ultraviolet treatments, completely eliminating the infection. This was very similar to reports from naturopathic physicians in British Columbia, Canada, who are regularly achieving such results with medical ozone.
The U.B.I. equipment is being distributed in the USA by a firm called Foundation for Blood Irradiation, Inc. Its owner and medical director is Dr. Carl Schleicher. They offer training seminars to interested doctors. The followings are excerpts from their literature.
U.B.I. Therapy is intravenously applied ultraviolet energy.
This produces effects of a profound nature in human beings with photochemical, biochemical & physiological aspects.
These effects have proven to be of great value clinically in a wide variety of disease processes.
No harmful effects have been observed over a period of more than 25 years, during which UBI has been given more than 500.000 times to over 30.000 patients by at least 100 physicians.
Effects of UBI:
A rapid detoxifying effect.
An increase in venous oxygen in patients with depressed blood oxygen values.
A marked anti-inflammatory effect in diseases where severe damaging inflammatory processes exist.
A powerful regulatory or normalizing effect on the autonomic nervous system.
A rapid rise of resistance to acute or chronic viral or bacterial infections.
UBI has excellent effects in:
Viral infections (Hepatitis -- serum, infectious, acute, chronic, Mumps, Measles, Mononucleosis, Herpes, etc.)
Bacterial infections (Septicemias, staphylococcus, pneumococcus, streptococcus, coli, salmonella, pneumonias, etc.)
Profound overwhelming toxemias
Severe damaging inflammatory processes
Non-healing wounds, ETC.
Treatment requires from fifteen to twenty minutes. Outpatients rest fifteen minutes, after which time they resume their normal activities. The quantity of blood withdrawn is small, and the procedure doesn't cause either pain or discomfort.
END OF EXCERPTS.
Application of Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation for Treatment of HIV and Other Blood borne Viruses
by Dr. Carl SchleicherFoundation for Blood Irradiation Note:Dr. Schleicher died in 1999
Abstract
This paper describes an innovative method of inactivating blood-borne viruses using ultraviolet blood irradiation called UBI therapy. This process has shown impressive clinical results in treating hepatitis, HIV, and other currently untreatable viruses. The background, theory, and method of using UBI therapy is presented in this paper. This method offers a potential break-through in the treatment of viral diseases and bacteria, and is nontoxic, uses no drugs, and even has FDA certification, and thus is available now for use.
Ultraviolet blood irradiation first evolved in the early 1930s as a means to treat persons afflicted with the poliovirus which was causing considerable anguish and fear similar to the advent of the HIV in the 1980s and continuing. Then in the 1950s the Salk vaccine wiped out polio in the U.S. and, as a result of this fact and other reasons, this process fell in disuse until recent years. This process has now been resurrected by the Foundation for Blood Irradiation (FFBI) which had been originally founded in the 1940s by the developers of this process, most of whom are now deceased, who left this to the next generation of researchers to continue. Much credit for the early development of this technology goes to E.K. Knott of Seattle, Washington; Louis Ripley of Danbury, Connecticut; and Dr. T. Lewis of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
How it works
Ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy (UBIT), or intravenous ultraviolet, raises the resistance of the host and is therefore able to control many disease processes. A fundamental effect of ultraviolet blood irradiation is to "energize" the biochemical and physiological defenses of the body by the introduction of ultraviolet energy into the bloodstream that may, in part, be effective by producing small amounts of ozone from the oxygen circulating in the blood. The efficacy of this method is attested to by the remarkable and consistent recovery of patients with a wide variety of diseases, apparently unrelated etiologically. In addition, it may be stated that UBI has never caused any adverse side effects nor has it ever worsened any disease in any patient, regardless of age group, race or sex and regardless of the number of blood irradiation treatments administered. Furthermore, there have not been any complications related to UBIT during long-term follow-up. An average of 3.28 treatments per patient were administered in this series. Laboratory studies were employed to confirm clinical improvement, which occurred on an average of 19.2 days after institution of blood irradiation therapy. Sixty percent of the patients were considered clinically recovered and able to return to their occupation in two weeks or less.
The older UBIT units have been updated and are now available and FDA certified for use in the U.S. These units are being further evaluated for improvements; this is being carried out under a CRADA (Cooperative Research and Development Agreement) with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories of Berkeley, California. Steps are now being taken to arrange research protocols at several major university medical research centers on both the East and West coasts of the U.S. Focus will be on treatment of HIV, hepatitis, malaria, and those viruses immune to current antibiotics.
Russia
Researchers in Russia have used this process to treat HIV with impressive results. A copy of this report will be sent to those who request it for the cost of photocopying. This report provides specific details, clinical results, and improvements noted in the HIV-infected patients in terms of CD4 T cells, leucocytes, etc.
With respect to treating HIV-positive persons, our clinicians also administer the following natural products: ESSIAC, VENUREX (formerly Carnivora), and a Czechoslovak produced product called Imuregen. Each of these are being evaluated at NCI and NIAID per agreements we hold there.
UBI in the US
Ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy (UBIT) is currently FDA approved (and the treatment of choice) for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (Taylor & Gasparro, 1992). Using a technique based on extensive historical experience with PUVA therapy in dermatology, Edelson and his group at Yale have developed a sophisticated UBIT method involving pretreatment with psolaren, extracorporeal eukopheresis, UV-A irradiation of the white blood cell fraction, and reinfusion (Edelson,1987). This process has been given the name "photopheresis."
Photopheresis is currently undergoing clinical trials at centers around the country for the treatment of systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis,rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosis, myasthenia gravis, graft versus host disease, pemphigus vulgaris, and HIV associated disease (Edelson, 1991; Bisaccia et al. 1990).
The major drawbacks to photopheresis are that the technique is cumbersome and costly; a single treatment occupies patient and skilled technician for upwards of five hours. Historically, the Knott technique of UBIT (Knott, 1948) was applied extensively and with excellent results during the 1930s, 40s, and 50s for the treatment of a wide variety of conditions. There are published reports on its use in bacterial diseases, including septicemias, pneumonias, peritonitis, wound infections; viral infections including acute and chronic hepatitis, atypical pneumonias, poliomyelitis, encephalitis, mumps, measles, mononucleosis, and herpes; circulatory conditions including thrombophlebitis, peripheral vascular arterial disease, and diabetic ulcer; overwhelming toxemias, non-healing wounds and delayed union of fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, and a number of others (Barger & Knott, 1950).
Schwartz and his colleagues in Chicago concluded a critical examination of the Knott technique (Schwartz et al. 1952) by saying "a longer and more extensive program of study is warranted before in vivo blood irradiation of blood can be finally either accepted or rejected." However, before such further examination could be undertaken, several other factors intervened. Principal among these was the development of antibiotics whose early successes made it appear that soon all infectious diseases would be conquered by chemistry. In addition, however, after World War II, there had been great interest in the possibilities of employing UV light to sterilize blood and blood products for transfusion (Oliphant & Hollaender, 1946; Wolf et al. 1947; Blanchard et al. 1948). When this effort failed after premature approval in 1949 and subsequent commercialization, the whole field of ultraviolet blood irradiation was quickly forgotten (Murray et al. 1955).
UBIT virtually disappeared from the early 1980s when the Soviets began referring to the published work of Knott and his colleagues. In the current listings of world medical literature at the National Library of Medicine on UBIT (excluding photopheresis) there are over 100 articles, and all of these are in the Soviet literature. Like Knott, it appears that the Soviets have applied UBIT to a wide variety of conditions, but only over the past two decades (Arutiunov, 1988). We propose to reexamine the Knott technique with the advantage of vastly improved technical and medical tools. Viral illnesses, given their comparative resistance to chemotherapeutic control, have emerged over the past several decades as a major challenge for medicine. In addition, immune system dysfunctions are increasingly recognized as playing a major "host factor" role in many disease processes, including cancer. Given the range of potential applications of UBIT, a program of study is warranted.
Rationale
There are many effects of ultraviolet light on blood components that may be involved in clinical effectiveness. The interaction of various wave lengths of ultraviolet with living tissues is complex and constitutes an entire area of specialization for photobiologists (Coohill, 1991).
Applications of ultraviolet light are numerous in medical dermatology (Morison, 1991). In particular, regimens employing UV-A (known as PUVA when combined with the photosensitizing agents known as psoralens) and UV-B (Anderson, 1984; Van Weelden et al. 1990) have been widely used in the treatment of psoriasis and related skin eruptions. It was on the basis of this long experience with PUVA therapy in humans that Edelson developed photopheresis (Edelson, 1987).
In hematology, immunology, and blood banking, there is a long tradition of exploring the possibilities of ultraviolet to produce beneficial changes in blood components. UV has long been known to inactivate viruses while preserving their ability to be used as antigens in the preparation of vaccines (Levinson, 1945). The mechanism proposed being that the viral genome is more UV-damage sensitive than viral surface antigens. Thus, the virus can be killed by damage to its nucleic acids while, at the same time, leaving antigenic surface components (proteins, glycoproteins, and/or fatty acids) relatively intact. In recent times, UV has been found to be a useful tool in the preventive treatment of platelet-concentrate infusion-induced alloimmunization reactions (Sherman et al. 1991; Pamphilon & Blundell, 1992), and for the prevention of graft-versus-host reactions in transplantation (Leitman, 1989; Kapoor et al. 1992). Here the principal mechanism is thought to be the sensitivity of lymphocytes (that typically contaminate platelet concentrates and carry the HLA antigens responsible for the reactions) to UV inactivation compared to the relative insensitivity of the platelets (which lack nuclear material).
Since the advent of the AIDS epidemic, the blood banking industry has been undergoing a revolution of increased sophistication. With the vastly increased demand for guaranteed safety of blood products, many methods of sterilization have been examined intensively (Horowitz, 1987; Fratantoni & Prodouz, 1990). Among these, ultraviolet inactivation of viruses contaminating blood and blood products has been studied (Fratantoni & Prodouz, 1990). It is clear that with either PUVA or UV-B, most viruses are quite UV-sensitive (Hanson, 1992). Current expert opinion, however, is that viral inactivation sufficient for the purposes of the blood banking industry (six or more logs of killing) is not feasible without intolerable levels of damage to formed elements in the blood (Fratantoni, 1992; Dodd, 1992). (Note: in 2001 the Helinx blood purification box was introduced, the device disables any DNA molecules contaminating donated blood.)
Meanwhile, there has been intensive examination of the mechanisms of action of photopheresis by Dr. Edelson, his colleagues, and others (Edelson, 1989). The original inspiration for photopheresis was the work of Dr. Cohen and his colleagues in Israel who demonstrated in animals that selective damage to lymphocytes could "immunize" animals to the development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (Ben-Nun et al. 1981; Holoshitz et al. 1983). The use of psoralen with UV-A to treat blood outside the body was developed by Dr. Edelson as an improved method of delivering just such selective damage to human lymphocytes. Thus, lymphocyte damage remains the core mechanism invoked to explain the clinical effectiveness of photopheresis. Following reinfusion, the damaged cells appear to provoke a response from the immune system that is therapeutic ­p; the exact details of which probably depending on the nature of the conditions being treated. Numerous other effects of "extracorporeal PUVA" have been observed. Among these are mutations, inhibition of DNA synthesis, changes in gene expression of various sorts, increased intracellular Ca+2, the elaboration of cytokines IL1, IL6, and TNF, effects on prostaglandins, and a variety of cell surface changes (Taylor & Gasparro, 1992; Andreu et al. 1992).
Reviewing the early work by Knott and his colleagues, one of the most striking findings was the rapidity with which cyanosis was cleared in hypoxic patients following reinfusion of irradiated blood (Knott, 1948). Miley and his colleagues at Hahnemann, looked at oxygenation in subjects following reinfusion and showed significant increases in average values at 10 and 30 minutes (and even 30 or more days) after reinfusion (Miley, 1939). There are no reports of measurements of oxygen potential of the blood prior to reinfusion pre and post irradiation, however, and we are left to presume that the dramatic observed increases in oxygenation were due to some unexplained effect of the irradiated blood following reinfusion. There was speculation at the time that this might be associated with the vasodilation that was observed clinically in approximately 75% of treated cases and which appeared to persist for days and sometimes months. Attempts to identify mechanisms for this effect would appear to be a fruitful avenue of research for Phase II. To that end, in Phase I, we will include in our TNF studies, blood gas determinations by contemporary methods pre and post irradiation.
Before the first attempted human trial in 1928, Knott had determined that red blood cells are very UV-hardy. A decade later, however, when Knott studied the increased opsonic index of irradiated polymorphonuclear cells (PNCs), he found that there was a narrow therapeutic window for this effect ­p; "The time of exposure from the point of peak PNC stimulation to the point of overexposure and PNC destruction is a matter of only a few seconds." (Barger, 1944) On the basis of these findings, Knott defined the strict treatment parameters that he insisted upon subsequently in an attempt to stay within the therapeutic window he had found. Replication of these findings with UV dosimetric determinations would be another fruitful avenue of research for Phase II.
Knott Hemoirradiator Process
The Knott Hemoirradiator consists of a metal cabinet on rollers that houses the power supply and pump mechanism for the water-cooled Burdick UV lamp mounted on top of the machine. Blood is first collected by conventional venipuncture into a citrated bottle. It is then routed through a peristaltic pump mounted on the top of the instrument, through the irradiation chamber, and back to the patient. There is a simple panel on the front housing controls for the lamp voltage and the pump speed. This is illustrated in Figure I.
There are a number of features of the Knott instrument that distinguish it from the photopheresis equipment currently being used clinically for UBIT. Perhaps the most important difference is that the UV source in the Knott device is a high-intensity quartz-mercury lamp with considerable UV-B output (reported) as opposed to a relatively low-intensity fluorescent UV-A, visible, and some IR remain comparatively poorly studied.
A special feature of the Knott instrument is that the blood flow-rates reported for its use clinically were approximately 0.5 ml/sec. This means that treatment sessions with the Knott device of around 250 ml of blood were completed in under an hour compared with the up to 5 hours needed for modern photopheresis. Exposure times of the blood to the UV were thus substantially less than with photopheresis. Actual UV doses delivered remain to be determined.
A third distinguishing feature of the Knott device is that it was used clinically with whole blood. There was no processing of the blood prior to UV exposure to separate out various blood components for irradiation. The rationale for removing the bulk of the red blood cells prior to irradiation in photopheresis is to reduce the UV-shielding effects of the strongly UV-absorbing hemoglobin pigments. What effects will be observed with irradiation of whole blood remain to be studied.
A fourth feature is the irradiation chamber. This is a 5 cm diameter, 1 cm deep chamber with a number of baffles in it so as to create turbulence in the blood flowing through it and expose it on one side to the UV light. By comparison, the currently employed, patented Therakos photopheresis "cassette" is a flat plastic container approximately 12 X 20 cm square in which the leukocyte enriched blood in this turbulent state is largely unknown. We can speculate, however, that given the ultraviolet opacity of whole blood, cells will be exposed to potentially effective doses of UV for at most 10% of their time transiting through the irradiation cell. The effects of this brief and intermittent exposure are unclear.
The Foundation for Blood Irradiation is now conducting training sessions on ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy and can make these devices available to those who may have an interest in using them. In summation, this process represents a low cost, nontoxic, pain free way to treat a variety of viral and bacterial diseases. The key advantage is the low cost in doing so which could result in considerable savings to the health industry. Future plans are in the works to apply this process to other currently untreatable conditions, including Alzheimer's, sickle cell anemia, and E. coli bacteria. Those who may have an interest in working with the Foundation for Blood Irradiation in these areas are requested to contact us.
Clinical Results of Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation in Treating
HIV-Positive Persons These results were obtained by using the PCR Diagnostic test (Polymerase Change Reaction) which accurately determines change in viral activity. These tests were done in April-June 1995 at a private clinic using our ultraviolet blood device provided by the Foundation for Blood Irradiation of Silver Spring, Maryland.
Patient Dates of Treatment PCR Viral Activity
J.K. 5/8/95 654
5/18/95 340
D.G. 4/6/95 8900
4/27/95 1395
Note: Each treatment of UBI reduced PCR by 50%-75%. This is considered a very significant reduction.
Bibliography
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Arch Dermatol, Vol. 120: pp 1502-1507. Andreu, G., Perrot, J., Pirenne, F., Boccaccio, C., (1992). "The Effects of Ultraviolet B Light on Antigen-Presenting Cells: Implications for Transfusion-Induced Sensitization," Seminars in
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Beer, J., (1992). Personal Communication. Radiation Biology Branch, FDA, Rockville, MD.
Bisaccia, E., Berger, C., Klainer, A., (1990). "Extracorporeal Photopheresis in the Treatment of AIDS-Related Complex: A Pilot Study," Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 113: pp 270-275.
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Corash, L., Hanson, C., (1992). Guest Editorial: Photoinactivation of Viruses and Cells for Medical Applications. Blood Cells, Vol. 18: pp 3-5.
Dodd, R., (1992). Personal Communication, American Red Cross-Holland Lab, Rockville, MD.
Edelson, R., Berger C., Gasparro, F., Jegasothy, B., Heald, P., Wintroub, B., Vonderheid, E., Knobler, R., Wolff, K.,Plewig, G., McKiernan, G., Christiansen, 1., Oster, M., Honigsmann, H., Wilford, H., Kokoschka, E., Rehle, T., Perez, M. Stingl, G., Laroche, L. (1987) "Treatment of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma by Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy," New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 316: pp 297-303.
Edelson, R., (1989). "Photopheresis: A New Therapeutic Concept," Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, Vol. 62: pp565-577.
Edelson, R., (1991). "Photopheresis: a Clinically Relevant Immunobiologic Response Modifier," Annals New York Academy of Sciences, Dec 30: pp 636.
Fratantoni, J., Prodouz, K., (1990). "Viral Inactivation of Blood Products," Transfusion Vol. 30, No 6: pp 480-481.
Fratantoni, J., (1992). Personal Communication, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, MD.
Hanson, C., (1992). "Photochemical Inactivation of Viruses with Psoralens: An Overview," Blood Cells, Vol. 18: pp 7-25.
Horowitz, B., (1987). "Inactivation of Viruses in Blood Derivatives," Transfusion-Transmitted Viral Diseases, American Association of Blood Banks, Arlington, VA.
Kapoor, N., Pelligrini, A., Copelan, E., Cunningham, I., Avalos, B., Klien, J., Tutschka, P., (1992). "Psoralen Plus Ultraviolet A (PUVA) in the Treatment of Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease: Preliminary Experience in Standard Treatment Resistant Patients," Seminars in Hematology, Vol. 29, No 2: pp 108-112.
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Van Weelden, H., Faille, H., Young, E., Leun, J., (1990). Comparison of Narrow-band UV-B Phototherapy and PUVA Photochemotherapy in the Treatment of Psoriasis," Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh), Vol. 70: pp 212-215.
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Radiation on the Infectivity of Icterogenic Plasma," JAMA, Vol. 157, No 1: pp 8-14.
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Pamphilon, D., Blundell, E., (1992). "Ultraviolet-B Irradiation of Platelet Concentrates: A Strategy to Reduce Transfusion Recipient Allosensitization," Seminars in Hematology, Vol. 29, No 2: pp 113-121.
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Sherman, L., Menitove, Kagen, L., Davisson W., Lin, A., Aster, R., Buchholz, D., (1991). "Ultraviolet-B Irradiation of Platelets: A Preliminary Trial of Efficacy," Transfusion, Vol. 32, No 5: pp 402-407.
Taylor, A., Gasparro, F. P. (1992). "Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy for Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Other Diseases," Seminars in Hematology, Vol. 29: pp 132-141.
Valerie, K., Delers, A., Bruck, C., Thiriart, C., Rosenberg, H., Debouck, C., Rosenberg, M., (1988). "Activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, by DNA Damage in Human Cells," Nature, Vol. 333: pp 78-81.
Vowels, B., Cassin, M., Boufal, M., Walsh, L., Rook, A., (1992). "Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy Induces the Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a by Monocytes: Implications for the Treatment of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Systemic Sclerosis," The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 98, No 5: pp 686-692.
Wolf A., Mason, J., Fitzpatrick, W., Schwartz, S., Levinson, S., (1947). "Ultraviolet Irradiation of Human Plasma to Control Homologous Serum Jaundice," JAMA, Vol. 135, No 8: pp 476-477.
Zmudzka, B., Beer, J., (1990). "Activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus by Ultraviolet Radiation," Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 52, No 6: pp 1153-1162.
Zmudzka, B., (1992). "Activation of HIV by UVB Radiation and PUVA Treatment In Vitro: An Evaluation of the Safety of Medical Procedures and Cosmetic Applications," Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 55 Supplement, pp 895-905.
A review from the Eclectic Medicine International (EMI) staff at http://www.holisticcancersolutions.com/
"The history of Ultraviolet treatments, or Photoluminescence Therapy, reaches back at least as far as the clinical use of medical ozone. The treatment is similar to major autohemo-therapy; blood is taken from one arm, it is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, then led back through the other arm. The two treatment modalities are close relatives; there are many similarities between them. However, there is one major difference: U.B.I. has been approved by the FDA, and medical doctors in the USA are free to use it. This fact in itself brings up some very disturbing questions. As you will see in this report, U.B.I., an entirely harmless, benign, and painless procedure, has already been proven very effective decades ago in reversing and completely eliminating viral infections that today are regarded as irreversible, and are treated with dangerous and expensive drugs.
Being informed about this treatment may one day save your life, so let us take a closer look at U.B.I.
Despite the fact that this modality is very little known in North America, it is not one of those obscure experimental methods that are practiced in the basements of some private clinics. Quite the opposite! U.B.I. has been used in mainstream medical practice in the United States from as far back as 1935. In Europe, particularly in the former Soviet Union, millions of patients were treated successfully with blood irradiation. One of the reasons for the interest in this therapy in the USSR was that it is a very inexpensive, yet effective procedure. Why didn't it become a major tool against viral diseases in the hands of US medical doctors?
In 1998 we have received a report from an M.D. in Ohio, who has just finished a large clinical study with 32 Hepatitis C patients. He reversed all of them with ultraviolet treatments, completely eliminating the infection. This was very similar to reports from naturopathic physicians in British Columbia, Canada, who are regularly achieving such results with medical ozone.
The U.B.I. equipment is being distributed in the USA by a firm called Foundation for Blood Irradiation, Inc. Its owner and medical director is Dr. Carl Schleicher. They offer training seminars to interested doctors. The followings are excerpts from their literature.
U.B.I. Therapy is intravenously applied ultraviolet energy.
This produces effects of a profound nature in human beings with photochemical, biochemical & physiological aspects.
These effects have proven to be of great value clinically in a wide variety of disease processes.
No harmful effects have been observed over a period of more than 25 years, during which UBI has been given more than 500.000 times to over 30.000 patients by at least 100 physicians.
Effects of UBI:
A rapid detoxifying effect.
An increase in venous oxygen in patients with depressed blood oxygen values.
A marked anti-inflammatory effect in diseases where severe damaging inflammatory processes exist.
A powerful regulatory or normalizing effect on the autonomic nervous system.
A rapid rise of resistance to acute or chronic viral or bacterial infections.
UBI has excellent effects in:
Viral infections (Hepatitis -- serum, infectious, acute, chronic, Mumps, Measles, Mononucleosis, Herpes, etc.)
Bacterial infections (Septicemias, staphylococcus, pneumococcus, streptococcus, coli, salmonella, pneumonias, etc.)
Profound overwhelming toxemias
Severe damaging inflammatory processes
Non-healing wounds, ETC.
Treatment requires from fifteen to twenty minutes. Outpatients rest fifteen minutes, after which time they resume their normal activities. The quantity of blood withdrawn is small, and the procedure doesn't cause either pain or discomfort.
END OF EXCERPTS.
In a letter written to us in 1998, Dr. Schleicher remarks: "We haven't yet seen an infectious disease we could not treat."
Here is the introduction to the 1997 Edition of a book written about UBI:
Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation: A History and Guide to Clinical Application
The publication of this book has been years in the making, with many hours of fine detective work spent in finding some of the missing chapters long considered lost. The Foundation for Blood Irradiation (FFBI), its well-wishers, supporters and staff view this accomplishment as a coming of age and renaissance for Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation (UBI). Those who participated in this effort can be justifiably pleased.
The writing of this manual began in the 1930's with the pioneers of this technique, specifically, Olney, Miley, Knott and Lewis. They treated thousands of patients with a broad spectrum of disease complaints, and closely observed these patients, often over a period of years. Because of their dedication and vision, we now have concrete documentation on the efficacy and safety of UBI. Their efforts have filled the pages of this manual and make a profound argument for UBI to become one of the more effective treatment methods of our time.
Writing was completed in 1997 with the addition of Chapter 23, which documents recent research into the treatment of HIV/AIDS using UBI. This Chapter replaces the original Chapter 23, which dealt with diseases of connective tissue, and regrettably was lost over the many years since work began on this project.
UBI was originally created through the research of E.K. Knott to fight the ravages of poliomyelitis in the 1930's, which it did with considerable success. However with the advent of antibiotics and the Salk vaccine this method of treatment fell into disuse during the 1950's and 1960's, and was for a long period of time overlooked by most physicians. Those who had not been totally seduced by the use of antibiotics continued to apply UBI and were soon rewarded with the knowledge that UBI could successfully treat many other ailments than polio, as well as those diseases not responding to antibiotic treatment. As news of this discovery spread, UBI found a renaissance in the 1980's and has been re- introduced by FFBI in the 90's, with an improved, state-of-the-art device.
The Foundation for Blood Irradiation (FFBI), an organization founded in New York in 1947 by Louis Ripley, John Winters, Dr. H.T. Lewis and others, moved to Maryland in 1979 and continues in operation today under the direction of Dr. Carl Schleicher. Recently FFBI has obtained research reports of the use
of UBI in the treatment of HIV/AIDS; projects are currently in process for treating immune system disorders, Alzheimer's Disease and Gulf War Syndrome. While no claims can be made for UBI's efficacy in treating these illnesses, funds are being sought for research.
Since this method uses no drugs and lowers the cost of medical treatment, it can be expected that there will be resistance from those who feel that their interests are threatened by this device. A similar situation occurred in the 1950's and 60's when computers replaced many persons doing clerical keyboard operation. Now we can see that computers have actually created more jobs at higher rates of pay than the near minimum wage of keypunch operators. It is expected that the same could happen here with the advent of energy medicine and the use of alternative, non-drug approaches to the treatment of disease. It should be understood that most drugs have side-effects and risks. UBI has no known side-effects or risk.
This manual is dedicated to the pioneers of UBI and to their untiring search for more effective, safer, and lower-cost methods for healing the diseases that face humanity, using one of nature's own tools: ultraviolet light.
This book is largely a collection of the documented case work of Miley, Olney, Lewis and others as performed with the UBI device or Knott Hemoirradiator, applied to a variety of diseases afflicting their patients. This treatment continues to be effective today although it has not changed in application for 50 years. There have been no known negative side effects, and it continues to be a safe, painless and easy-to-apply process.
In his book Into the Light, William Campbell Douglass, M.D. (a pioneer in the new era of UV energy medicine), states that Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation is the life-saving breakthrough therapy of the age. The secondary title of Dr. Douglass' book is Tomorrow's Medicine Today; we concur, and hopefully this
manual can serve as a guide to continue this breakthrough well into the next century.
END OF INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK.
If you are interested in this treatment modality, please call the office of Dr. Schleicher. They will be able to give you the address of a clinic or doctor nearest to you, where you can obtain the treatment.
Is UBI an 'alternative' treatment? It is neither unapproved, nor actively suppressed. A medical doctor is free to practice it. However, it is very little known, and almost never used against infectious diseases, except by a handful of practitioners. If an excellent medical modality becomes neglected and forgotten by the medical community, does that place it in the category of alternative medicine? Hardly. Maybe we should create a new category: neglected medicine, or not sufficiently profitable medicine.
So, if you have an infectious disease, and you are not satisfied with the answers you get from your doctor, it may help to talk to other doctors. Don't let one person's ignorance prevent you from recovering your health."
NAME OF TREATMENT: Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation
Photoluminescence Physician Reference List
(do a current search on anyone you consider contacting first)
Here is the introduction to the 1997 Edition of a book written about UBI:
Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation: A History and Guide to Clinical Application
The publication of this book has been years in the making, with many hours of fine detective work spent in finding some of the missing chapters long considered lost. The Foundation for Blood Irradiation (FFBI), its well-wishers, supporters and staff view this accomplishment as a coming of age and renaissance for Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation (UBI). Those who participated in this effort can be justifiably pleased.
The writing of this manual began in the 1930's with the pioneers of this technique, specifically, Olney, Miley, Knott and Lewis. They treated thousands of patients with a broad spectrum of disease complaints, and closely observed these patients, often over a period of years. Because of their dedication and vision, we now have concrete documentation on the efficacy and safety of UBI. Their efforts have filled the pages of this manual and make a profound argument for UBI to become one of the more effective treatment methods of our time.
Writing was completed in 1997 with the addition of Chapter 23, which documents recent research into the treatment of HIV/AIDS using UBI. This Chapter replaces the original Chapter 23, which dealt with diseases of connective tissue, and regrettably was lost over the many years since work began on this project.
UBI was originally created through the research of E.K. Knott to fight the ravages of poliomyelitis in the 1930's, which it did with considerable success. However with the advent of antibiotics and the Salk vaccine this method of treatment fell into disuse during the 1950's and 1960's, and was for a long period of time overlooked by most physicians. Those who had not been totally seduced by the use of antibiotics continued to apply UBI and were soon rewarded with the knowledge that UBI could successfully treat many other ailments than polio, as well as those diseases not responding to antibiotic treatment. As news of this discovery spread, UBI found a renaissance in the 1980's and has been re- introduced by FFBI in the 90's, with an improved, state-of-the-art device.
The Foundation for Blood Irradiation (FFBI), an organization founded in New York in 1947 by Louis Ripley, John Winters, Dr. H.T. Lewis and others, moved to Maryland in 1979 and continues in operation today under the direction of Dr. Carl Schleicher. Recently FFBI has obtained research reports of the use
of UBI in the treatment of HIV/AIDS; projects are currently in process for treating immune system disorders, Alzheimer's Disease and Gulf War Syndrome. While no claims can be made for UBI's efficacy in treating these illnesses, funds are being sought for research.
Since this method uses no drugs and lowers the cost of medical treatment, it can be expected that there will be resistance from those who feel that their interests are threatened by this device. A similar situation occurred in the 1950's and 60's when computers replaced many persons doing clerical keyboard operation. Now we can see that computers have actually created more jobs at higher rates of pay than the near minimum wage of keypunch operators. It is expected that the same could happen here with the advent of energy medicine and the use of alternative, non-drug approaches to the treatment of disease. It should be understood that most drugs have side-effects and risks. UBI has no known side-effects or risk.
This manual is dedicated to the pioneers of UBI and to their untiring search for more effective, safer, and lower-cost methods for healing the diseases that face humanity, using one of nature's own tools: ultraviolet light.
This book is largely a collection of the documented case work of Miley, Olney, Lewis and others as performed with the UBI device or Knott Hemoirradiator, applied to a variety of diseases afflicting their patients. This treatment continues to be effective today although it has not changed in application for 50 years. There have been no known negative side effects, and it continues to be a safe, painless and easy-to-apply process.
In his book Into the Light, William Campbell Douglass, M.D. (a pioneer in the new era of UV energy medicine), states that Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation is the life-saving breakthrough therapy of the age. The secondary title of Dr. Douglass' book is Tomorrow's Medicine Today; we concur, and hopefully this
manual can serve as a guide to continue this breakthrough well into the next century.
END OF INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK.
If you are interested in this treatment modality, please call the office of Dr. Schleicher. They will be able to give you the address of a clinic or doctor nearest to you, where you can obtain the treatment.
Is UBI an 'alternative' treatment? It is neither unapproved, nor actively suppressed. A medical doctor is free to practice it. However, it is very little known, and almost never used against infectious diseases, except by a handful of practitioners. If an excellent medical modality becomes neglected and forgotten by the medical community, does that place it in the category of alternative medicine? Hardly. Maybe we should create a new category: neglected medicine, or not sufficiently profitable medicine.
So, if you have an infectious disease, and you are not satisfied with the answers you get from your doctor, it may help to talk to other doctors. Don't let one person's ignorance prevent you from recovering your health."
NAME OF TREATMENT: Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation
Photoluminescence Physician Reference List
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